![]() |
Use this format if:
|
You will need (minimum information in bold):
|
Standard article pattern (print):
Author AA, Author BB. Title of article. Journal Abbreviation. Year;volume(issue):pp-pp.
Examples:
Standard article pattern (electronic):
Author AA, Author BB. Title of article. Journal Abbreviation. Year;volume(issue):pp-pp. Accessed Month DD, YYYY. DOI or URL
Examples:
Notes:
What's a DOI? Read this explanation from Citing Medicine.
Use this if:
|
You will need (minimum information in bold):
|
Standard book patterns:
Pay close attention to the punctuation use in these examples – including case, italics, the order of dates and spaces.
Standard book in Print:
Author AA, Author BB, Author CC. Book Title. Vol no. Nth ed. Publisher; Year.
Edited book:
Editor AA, Editor BB, Editor CC, eds. Book Title. Vol no. Nth ed. Publisher; Year.
eBook:
Author AA, Author BB, Author CC. Book Title. Vol no. Nth ed. Publisher; Year. Accessed Month DD, YYYY. DOI or URL
Examples:
Notes:
What's a DOI? Read this explanation from Citing Medicine.
Use this if:
|
You will need (minimum information in bold):
|
Standard chapter pattern:
Pay close attention to the punctuation use in these examples – including case, italics, the order of dates and spaces.
Author AA, Author BB. Title of chapter. In: Editor AA, Editor BB, eds. Book Title. Vol no. Nth ed. Publisher; Year:page numbers. Accessed Month DD, YYYY. DOI or URL
Examples:
Brochures and pamphlets should take the following form:
Brochures and pamphlets should take the following form:
If the work was given in class, and you have confirmed that the information has not been copied from a published source (book, journal article, web page etc), treat it as personal communication. Do not include it in your reference list, and in text explain the nature of your source in brackets:
Examples:
According to a diagram distributed by M. Grant (class handout, February 2020)...
The Cornell Method template (K. Bartlett, class handout, March 21, 2020) can be used to analyse and compare journal articles.
Notes:
Class handouts are often copied or taken from other sources. Endeavour to find the original source, if possible.
Cochrane Reviews are supposed to be cited as electronic journal articles. Articles are given article numbers instead of page numbers. Place the article number (without "Art no") in the place of the page numbers for a normal journal article. There is no volume number for Cochrane reviews, so skip straight from the year to the issue number. Always use the doi instead of a URL for Cochrane reviews:
Examples
Standard conference paper pattern:
Pay close attention to the punctuation use in these examples – including case, italics, the order of dates and spaces.
Author AA, Author BB. Title of paper. Type of presentation presented at: Name of the Conference. Date of conference; Year; City, Country or State Abbreviation. Accessed Month DD, YYYY. URL. Vidocast/Transcript/Abstract available at: URL
Papers presented at a conference, symposium or meeting, unpublished or only available from the conference website
Maddox S, Hurling J, Stewart E, Edwards A. If mama ain't happy, nobody's happy: the effect of parental depression on mood dysregulation in children. Paper presented at: Southeastern Psychologica Association 62nd Annual Meeting; March 30-April 2, 2016; New Orleans, LA.
Pearson J. Fat talk and its effects on state-based body image in women. Poster presented at: Australian Psychological Society Congress; September 21-30, 2018; Sydney, Australia.
Baydorova I, Collins H, Ait Saadi, I. Matching student and supervisor expectations in Malaysian doctoral education. Paper presented at: Australian Association for Research in Education Conference; November 26-30, 2017; Canberra, Australia. Abstract available at: https://www.aare.edu.au/publications/aare-conference-papers/show/13007/matching-student-and-supervisor-expectations-in-malaysian-doctoral-education
Published papers
Papers from conferences, symposia and meetings are usually published as part of a special issue of a journal, as a monograph (book) of the conference proceedings, or as a document on a website. Once a presentations is published, use the pattern for the book, journal, or other medium in which they are published.
Morgan R, Meldrum K, Bryan S, et al. Embedding digital literacies in curricula: Australian and Malaysian experiences. In: Teh GB, Choy SC, eds. Empowering 21st century learners through holistic and enterprising learning: selected papers from Tunku Abdul Rahman University College International Conference 2016. Springer Singapore; 2017:11-19.
Huang G-M, Huang K-Y, Lee T-Y, Tzu-Ya Weng J. An interpretable rule-based diagnostic classification of diabetic nephropathy among type 2 diabetes patients. BMC Bioinformatics. 2015;16(suppl 1):S5. Selected articles from the Thirteenth Asia Pacific Bioinformatics Conference (APBC 2015). doi:10.1186/1471-2105-16-S1-S5
(Example 5 shows an article from a special issue of the journal that has been entirely dedicated to publishing papers from the conference).
Online conferences and webinars
Use this if:
|
You will need (minimum information in bold):
|
Standard database pattern:
Author AA, Author BB. Title of entry [type of entry, if applicable]. In: Editor AA, Editor BB, eds (if available). Title of Database. Publisher’s name. Published (or Updated) date (at least year, if available). Accessed date. URL
Examples:
Tip: For DynaMed, last date modified (updated) in Drugs A-Z is near the bottom of the page under References.
If you were referring to the database as a whole, rather than an individual entry in the database, you would skip the reference to the authors and title of the entry and begin with the Editors (if there are any) or the title of the database.
Notes:
NB: This pattern is based on a combination of the formats for databases and book chapters, as the AMA manual recommends citing databases as a whole but at JCU it is preferred practice to pinpoint the entry used.
References to reports published by departments or agencies of a government should include the following information, in the order indicated: (1) name of author (if given); (2) title of bulletin; (3) name of issuing bureau, agency, department, or other governmental division (note that in this position, Department should be abbreviated Dept; also note that if the US Government Printing Office is supplied as the publisher, it would be preferable to obtain the name of the issuing bureau, agency, or department); (4) date of publication; (5) page numbers (if specified); (6) publication number (if any); (7) series number (if given); (8) online accessed date (if applicable); and (9) web address (if applicable).
The way you reference an image depends on where the image was found.
If the image was found in a book, journal article or entry in a database:
Do not cite the image individually but give the citation details for the book/article/etc. Treat it as though it was a direct quote.
If the image was found online, as part of a website, treat it like a Web Object:
Author AA, Author BB. Title of page or object. Clarifying information if necessary. Title of web site. Published Month DD, YYYY or Updated Month DD, YYYY. Accessed Month, DD, YYYY. URL.
Examples:
Notes:
Online Lecture Notes:
If the notes/handouts are available online through LearnJCU, cite them as a web object. Include details after the title, if it is necessary for clarity.
Author AA, Author BB. Title of page or object. Title of web site. Published Month DD, YYYY. Updated Month DD, YYYY. Accessed Month DD, YYYY. URL.
Examples:
Notes:
Note on URLs for LearnJCU: Ideally, you use a URL that will get your readers as close as possible to the document. When writing for someone who has access to the LearnJCU site, include the full URL for the document (copy and paste). Always include the date you last checked to see the URL still worked (the Accessed date).
The information given in the AMA Manual of Style regarding citation of legislation is specific to US Bills and Statutes and does not translate easily to Australian legislation. As the manual recommends using the Blue Book for State Legislation (the Blue Book is the standard form of legal citation used in the US) we recommend using the AGLC for Australian legislation (which is the standard form of legal citation use in Australia).
However, in keeping with the requirements of AMA in general, if the legislation was accessed online, you will also need to include an accessed date and the URL. If the document you are citing has an updated or compiled date on it, include that as well.
For example:
More details can be found in the AGLC, but a brief summary of the pattern is as follows:
The name of the Act including the Year (Jurisdiction) section details. Accessed date. URL.
See page 68 of the AGLC for the jurisdiction abbreviations, and page 69-70 to see how to lay out the section details (AGLC calls it a pinpoint).
Use this for citing US legislative materials
You can find a link to the complete AGLC here.
Use this format if:
|
You will need (minimum information in bold):
|
Standard news article pattern (print):
Author AA, Author BB. Article title. Newspaper name. Month DD, year:pp-pp.
Examples
Tourne R. Townsville Hospital in poor health: hospital troubles persist. Townsville Bulletin. February 26, 2011:5.
Packham B. Australian-made vaccine available 'within months'. The Australian. September 7, 2020:5.
Standard news article pattern (online):
Author AA, Author BB. Article title. Newspaper name. Month day, year:pp-pp. Accessed Month DD, YYYY. URL
Examples
Scott M. More than 60 treated in hospital after Townsville music festival. The Australian. May 7, 2019. Accessed September 7, 2020. https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/more-than-60-treated-in-hospital-after-townsville-music-festival/news-story/f4b6a403939ed34b0c18d426becb9533
Ikonomou T. Townsville’s rising obesity numbers among shocking health statistics. Townsville Bulletin. November, 14, 2018. Accessed September 9, 2020. https://www.townsvillebulletin.com.au/news/townsville/townsvilles-rising-obesity-numbers-among-shocking-health-statistics/news-story/47c5f163d537ba20353e0572901ea19e
Notes:
News and media releases take the following format:
These are treated much the same as a “presented at” reference (see above), with the addition of the accessed date and the URL.
Morales M, Zhou X. Health practices of immigrant women: indigenous knowledge in an urban environment. Paper presented at: 78th Association for Information Science and Technology Annual Meeting; November 6-10, 2015; St Louis, MO. Accessed March 15, 2016. https://dl-acm-org.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/doi/10.5555/2857070.2857108
Botkin J, Menikoff J. Opening remarks presented at: Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Human Research Protections Meeting; December 4, 2015; Rockville, MD. http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/sachrp/mtgings/2015%20Dec%20Mtg/december3-4,2015sachrpmeeting.html. Accessed March 15, 2016. Videocast available at: https://videocast-nih-gov.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/
The presentation in example 2 did not have a title; hence, the “title” field and the “presented at” field were combined. In addition, a webcast of the meeting is available for the presentation in example 2, and that information is also included in the reference. See example 3 below for how to cite a videocast.
Labor, Health and Human Services Subcommittee Hearing. National Institutes of Health: Investing in a Healthier Future. October 7, 2015. Accessed March 15, 2016. Videocast available at: http://www.appropriations.senate.gov/hearings/labor-hhs-subcommittee-hearing-national-institutes-of-health-investing-in-a-healthier-future
A transcript from a teleconference is cited as follows:
Volkow N, Botticelli M, Johnston LD, Miech RA. Monitoring the Future: Teleconference 2015. December 16, 2015. Accessed March 15, 2016. Transcript available at: https://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/podcasts/2015/12/monitoring-future-teleconference-2015#content-area
A webinar is cited as follows:
Gunn E, Kendall-Taylor J, Vandenburg B. Taking author instructions to the next level. Council of Science Editors webinar. September 10, 2015. Accessed March 15, 2016. http://www.councilscienceeditors.org/resource-library/past-presentationswebinars/past-webinars/2015-webinar-3-taking-author-instructions-to-the-next-level/
Published work
If you are citing work that has previously been published, you cite it exactly how you would cite any other work (e.g., if it was a journal article, cite a journal article).
Previous assignments
If you are citing work that you submitted in a previous assignment, it is considered an unpublished manuscript, but you would site it the same way you would cite an unpublished dissertation.
For example:
N.B. Only use one of your own assignments as a source for your work if your lecturer has told you it is okay to to so.
Images and figures
If you are creating an original figure for an assignment, you do not need to cite yourself - you only need to cite information or work that was taken from other sources.
If you are using a photograph or artwork you have created yourself, and it has been "published" online (for example, Flickr or a personal website), you will need to cite it as you would any other image taken from an online source. You would need to include this in your reference list as you would any other cited source.
If you have not previously made the image public, or produced it specifically for this assignment, it does not require citations - but you can put "Own work" as part of the caption for the image if you believe it is necessary for clarity (for example, if you are also using similar images from other sources). You would not include this in your reference list.
For example:
Figure 4. Wound dressing following removal of stitches
Image shows multiple adhesive dressings used together. Own work.
Use this format if:
|
You will need (minimum information in bold):
|
Pharmacopoeia entry (also used for encyclopedia and dictionary entries)
Author AA, Author BB. Title of entry. In: Editor AA, Editor BB, eds. Title of Pharmacopoeia. Vol no. Nth ed. Publisher; Year:page numbers. Accessed Month DD, YYYY. DOI or URL
Examples:
Notes:
Titles of theses and dissertations are given in italics. References to theses should include the location of the university (or other institution), its name, and year of completion of the thesis. If the thesis has been published, it should be treated as any other book reference.
Examples
https://www.health.qld.gov.au/system-governance/licences/pharmacy/pharmacy-ownership/queenslandUse this formatting if:
|
You will need (minimum information in bold):
|
Standard Web content pattern:
Author AA, Author BB. Title of page or object. Title of web site. Published Month DD, YYYY. Updated Month DD, YYYY. Accessed Month DD, YYYY. URL.
Examples:
Notes:
Standard YouTube pattern:
Author AA, Author BB. Title of page or object. YouTube video. Published Month DD, YYYY. Updated Month DD, YYYY. Accessed Month DD, YYYY. URL.
Examples:
Notes: