The traditional proposition for using OER in modern classrooms focuses on the reduction of costs associated with purchasing educational materials. Another common advantage of OER is the promise of “democratization of knowledge” – a proposition that OER allow audiences outside the confines of formal degree programs access to learning materials.
Undoubtedly, both of these aspects of OER are powerful factors driving growing rates of OER adoption in higher education, including at UNC.
However, when it comes to the fields that are data- and time-sensitive such as finance, OER offer another benefit that works well with the core objectives of modern education. That benefit is being able to deliver accurate, up-to-date, sector-specific, and jobs-market focused applied content that traditional commercial textbooks and course materials simply cannot match.
News and data flows are at the heart of business education
In business, news flow – a flow of time-sensitive and materially important information – forms a core part of decision making. In finance, that decision making covers higher levels of management. Fund managers define investment strategies tailored to opportunities and threats presented in the news flow. Institutional investors, corporate CFOs and financial analysts must track the evolution of news and react to it both tactically and strategically.
Data and news flows also reach back and front office mid-managers, traders, investors, portfolio and asset management support specialists, and corporate project finance professionals, and treasury managers. Take any financial institution, from a local credit union to a globally-trading specialist hedge funds, their daily operations are anchored to news and data. The news flow is woven into financial analysis, modeling and decision-making both ‘vertically’ (across the model inputs) and ‘horizontally’ (across time). It serves to confirm prior strategical and tactical knowledge and to test this knowledge against possible changes in the conditioning and causal relationships.
Change defines finance
Crucially, in finance, axiomatic, theoretical and empirical foundations of our knowledge are subject to frequent and disruptive changes.
This means that news flow in finance and in business is not just the noise of the media. It is a flow of “hard” quantitative data that materially influences asset values, expected future returns on investments, R&D, Mergers and Acquisitions, market expansions, marketing, strategic changes in management, talent acquisitions, and so on. It is also a flow of “soft” qualitative information, such as statements, disclosures, warnings, company or policy communications, and more.
Just as our information flows become broader, deeper and more complex, the tools we use in integrating news flow into our business decision-making also change. Rapidly. In academic finance, we are seeing adoption of new research tools and methodologies that displace prior norms of analysis every decade or less. Finance is always the frontal point of new technology adoption in business decision-making.
This is not what is expected to happen in many other disciplines of inquiry, where the rates of change are more slow, more predictable. There are many epistemological reasons for this, but reality is that the core body of knowledge in natural sciences is changing more gradually and less dynamically than in social sciences. The same change is even faster in finance than in any other sub-discipline of business.
OER: challenging epistemological biases
In the lecture halls, this means that financial course materials and engagements must integrate news flow, and anchor key analytical concepts and frameworks to information and data flows. These data and events that generate them must then be tested across time and models, with a common expectation that it might fundamentally alter our understanding of and experience with the world around us. The use of these frameworks and analytical methods must then be integrated into applied sector-specific body of knowledge and aligned with modern workplace tools.
Put simply, a textbook written in 2019, and updated in 2023 is out of the news flow by the time it hits the reviewers’ desks in 2024. Worse, as it passes through the filters of epistemological biases of its authors, reviewers and publishers, it faces just two options for survival through to publication. Option one: it can evolve into a generic, high-level text covering only broadly consensual and largely outdated frameworks. Option two: it can focus on highly technical and specialist aspects of our body of knowledge that make them relatively immune to reviewers’ and publishers’ biases, at the expense of giving up on being timely and skills-focused. The best textbooks in finance fall into that second trap: they are technically flawless, yet practically outdated, highly theoretical and poorly targeted to applied skills sets.
Inevitably, these texts fail to meet the test of everyday reality/news flow.
Take one example. Almost all literature on the subject of investments and portfolio management focuses on the well-publicized regularity that gold and bonds act as “risk diversifiers” to stocks. In other words, during stock market turmoil, we come to expect – and this is the subject matter of traditional textbooks on the subject – that investors selling stocks will move their funds into government bonds and gold.
This “flight to safety” movement prevails in almost all historical episodes of major stock market corrections, which is commonly noted in the textbooks – except for the never-discussed experience of the Global Financial Crisis, when the selloff in stocks led to waves of investors selling bonds and gold. This is not covered in the textbooks not because the authors are ignorant, but because the Global Financial Crisis was so violently challenging to the prevalent norms of established finance, it is deemed to be too anomalous to be worthy of coverage.
Zoom to the market turmoil in the second week of April 2025. Stocks crashing, and gold and bonds are selling off too, at least in the very first day of the announced tariffs. Thereafter, gold rose, bonds continued to fall and stocks at first tanked, then rebounded. Is anomalous becoming the new norm? You wouldn’t know it if you consulted the commercially published textbooks full of mathematical models, and short of critical analysis that traders and investors need in the real world.
Yet, my OER-utilizing course, BAFN479 Portfolio Management, was fully enabled to deal with these types of events precisely because it is not anchored to a singular textbook. Instead of focusing on tracing out one source of materials, we use weekly-updated lecture notes, specialist data sources, and analytical files that cover high level frameworks that many traditional textbooks would do, but go beyond these. Where textbooks use stylized examples and long-dated historical data to work through conceptual definitions and analytical tools, we use real-time, real-world data and we overlay it with actual news flow. That allowed us, for example, on April 9 to discuss in class the events in the gold, bond and stock markets in the context of actual institutional portfolios. It also allowed us to extend key tools of theory and modern portfolio strategies to the concepts of financial hedges and safe havens that are current to the modern practice and research yet are never consistently covered in the textbooks.
This ability to transcend the orthodoxy of “established” business, financial, and economic body of knowledge, to challenge the prevailing narrative using key tools and timely news and data flows is the key benefit of OER to the lecture hall. The power to link today’s information to current decision making without having to graft both onto the old trees of past knowledge is the promise of OER in the lecture hall. Keeping the subjects we teach current, immediately reactive to the reality of business and financial environments around us is more than an opportunity to teach better. It is an opportunity to enable our students to face real world challenges not as an auxiliary example to the textbook, but as the core part of our classroom engagements.
Stepping into my new role as a Graduate Assistant focused on Open Educational Resources (OER) has been a profound and eye-opening experience. As a first-generation undergraduate and graduate student from Ghana, a developing country, where access to educational resources is often limited, working with the OER team at UNC has shown me the transformative power of open education. Not only does it challenge the traditional models of learning, but it also offers the potential to change lives by making education more equitable and accessible.
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