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APA Style 6th edition

A guide to help users create APA-style reference citations, text citations, title pages, and more! Find help videos and visual examples.

Grey literature basically refers to the wealth of information sources that are not published through traditional publishing houses. This basically includes any information source that is not a book, journal, magazine, or newspaper.

Grey Literature includes materials that are generally

  • not published commercially and/or
  • not generally accessible and
  • can include ephemera

According to the Twelfth International Conference on Grey Literature, the definition is as follows:

"Grey literature stands for manifold document types produced on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in print and electronic formats that are protected by intellectual property rights, of sufficient quality to be collected and preserved by libraries and institutional repositories, but not controlled by commercial publishers; i.e., where publishing is not the primary activity of the producing body" (for more information see Towards a Prague Definition of Grey Literature - PDF).

All information sources can be cited in APA Style - from Annual Reports to Yearbooks. The Publication Manual offers example reference citations for the most common types of literature; however, APA cannot create examples for every possibility.

All information sources can be cited in APA Style.

Determining How to Cite Grey Literature

  1. Check the Reference Citations on this Guide.
  2. Check the Publication Manual.
  3. Check the APA Style Guide to Electronic References.
  4. Check the APA Style Blog.
  5. Ask your librarian.
  6. Find another source that asks has the same type of citation information (for instance, an annual report is much like an ebook). If the format/type of the information source helps readers in finding the source, include it in the reference citation directly after the title in square brackets. For example:
    • Hydrophobic interactions in the caseins: Challenging their dismissal by Holt et al. [Letter to the editor].
    • Investing for life [Brochure].
    • How to create online continuing education classes [Video webcast].
  • Abstract
  • Anatomical model
  • Annual report
  • Answer key
  • Apparatus and data file
  • Artifact
  • Audio file
  • Blog comment
  • Blog post
  • Blu-ray disc
  • Blueprint
  • Book review
  • Brochure
  • CD recording
  • Conference presentation
  • Committee report
  • Computer software
  • Data file
  • Database record
  • Dataset
  • Demographic map
  • DVD
  • Electronic mailing list comment
  • Email
  • Facebook page
  • Facebook post
  • Fact sheet
  • Grant
  • Guidelines
  • Leaflet
  • Lecture notes
  • Letter to the editor
  • Manual
  • Manuscript
  • Measurement instrument
  • Memo
  • Mission statement
  • Mobile application software
  • Motion picture
  • mp3 file
  • mp4 file
  • Newsletter
  • Online forum comment
  • Organizational standards
  • Painting
  • Patent
  • Photograph
  • Physiological specimens
  • Podcast
  • Podcast transcript
  • Policy documents
  • Policy statements
  • Post-print
  • Poster
  • PowerPoint presentation
  • PowerPoint slides
  • Practice guidelines
  • Preprint
  • Press release
  • Prezi presentation
  • Product catalog
  • Program
  • Questionnaire
  • Research notes
  • Research proposal
  • Scientific protocol
  • Sculpture
  • Speech
  • Syllabus
  • Tape recording
  • Television series episode
  • Television series webisode
  • Topographic map
  • Transcript
  • Tweet
  • Twitter update
  • Video file