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APA Style 6th edition

A guide to help users create APA-style reference citations, text citations, title pages, and more! Find help videos and visual examples.
Blog
 
Examples

Entire Blog

When discussing an entire blog in your paper (and not indicating a specific idea, fact, or document) it is acceptable to simply include the URL of the website in parentheses within your writing. If you are referring to a specific piece of information or directly quoting information on a blog, a text and reference citation are required.

The blog Just a Colorado Gal (http://www.justacoloradogal.com/) covers not only hiking gear, routes, basics, and specifics, but also follow’s the life of the blogger.

Authors of academic papers can find useful tips and answers to APA questions not covered in the Publication Manual on the APA Style Blog (http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/).

With the tag line 'writer. professor. part-time hippie.' the Stacia L. Brown blog (http://stacialbrown.com/) offers readers current news topics with a human element and a humane eye.

Adventures of a Labor Nurse: The Highs and Lows of Labor and Delivery blog (http://adventuresofalabornurse.com/) looks at the nursing profession and the people with humor and grace.

Blog Post

Bethea, C. (2017, June 28). A doctor’s view of Obamacare and Trumpcare from rural Georgia [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk

Improv Everywhere Productions. (2013, January 13). No pants subway ride 2014 [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://improveverywhere.com/2014/01/13/no-pants-subway-ride-2014/#more-7181

Lucy [User name]. (2017, February 24). Tiny bear making [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://lucyantique.blogspot.com

Roberts, D. (2017, May 17). Top 10 buffalo burgers in Colorado [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://rockymountainfoodreport.com/

Blog Comment

Long, J. [User name]. (2017, June 28). Re: How to calculate your book’s length before writing [Blog comment]. Retrieved from https://www.helpingwritersbecomeauthors.com/ calculate-books-length-writing/#comments

sciencereader [User name]. (2017, June 27). Re: Copyright infringers be warned! [Blog comment]. Retrieved from http://lj.libraryjournal.com/blogs/annoyedlibrarian/2017/ 06/26/copyright-infringers-be-warned/#comments

VinceBos [User name]. (2017, January). Re: Beall’s list: Gone but not lost [Blog comment]. Retrieved from https://publons.com/blog/bealls-list-gone-but-not-lost/

How-To

Author

The author is the person or organization taking credit for the information. If you are not sure who is taking responsibility for the information, look for an About Us link or who copyrighted the material.

Indivdiual Author(s) Examples

  • Eric John Lewandowski
  • Diana Stahl and Karla Kerchelich

Individual Author Using Online Username Examples

  • RetiredLaborNurse
  • Barefoot Beach Blonde
  • Caroline
  • sciencereader

Group Author Examples

  • American Nursing Association
  • Improve Everywhere Productions
  • Internal Revenue Service

Elements Needed

  • Author(s)
  • Date of Post or Comment (Year, Month Day)
  • Title of Blog Post
  • URL

Format

Blog Post

Author, F. M. (Year, Month Day). Title of blog post [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://URL

Blog Comment

Author [User name]. (Year, Month Day). Re: Title of blog post [Blog comment]. Retrieved from http://URL

 

Blu-ray Disc
 
Examples

Single Episode or Titled Portion of Disc

Jones, N. (Writer), & Trim, M. (Director). (2015). Empathy is a boner killer [Netflix series episode]. In J. D. Gray & N. K. Tannenbaum (Producers), Orange is the new black [Blu-ray disc]. United States: Lionsgate.

Negrete, M., Powell, C. (Writers), & Satrazemis, M. E. (Director). (2016). Hearts still beating [Television series episode]. In R. DeGard (Producer), The walking dead [Blu-ray disc]. United States: Anchor Bay Entertainment.

Entire Series

Behr, I. S., Armus, B., Gray, M., Mason, J., McCullough, R., Sheldon, L. (Producers) … Roddenberry, G. (Creator). (1987-1994). Star trek: The next generation [Television series, Blu-ray disc]. United States: Paramount Television.

Bruestle, M., Coulter, A., Kessler, T. A., Barnett, P. (Producers), & Chase, D. (Creator). (1999-2007). The sopranos [Television series, Blu-ray disc]. United States: Home Box Office.

Entire Blu-ray Disc

Edelman, E. (Producer & Director), Waterlow, C., Rosenberg, T., Fenton, D., Geist, L., Leyden, E., (Producers), ... Schell, C. (Producers). (2016). O. J.: Made in America [Blu-ray disc]. United States: ESPN Films.

Kong, W., (Producer), & Yimou, Z. (Producer & Director). (2004).  House of flying daggers [Blu-ray disc]. China: Edko Films.

Rosier, D. (Producer), Salgado, J. R., & Wenders, W. (Directors). (2014). The salt of the earth [Blu-ray disc]. France: Decia Films.

Rosenberg, T., Lucchesi, G., Wright, R., Grevioux, K., McBride, D. (Producers), & Wiseman, L. (Producer & Director). (2006). Underworld: Revolution [Blu-ray disc]. United States: Lakeshore Entertainment. 

How-To
  • Use these instructions and examples if you watched the movie on Blu-ray Disc.
  • ​If you watched a Motion Picture, DVD, VHS, or Streaming Video, please use the instructions and examples for the specific format.

Elements Needed

  • Writer(s) - if citing an episode
  • Producer(s) – use only the producers labeled as producer; do not include executive, co-, line, or associate producers
  • Director(s)
  • Year of release
  • Name of Episode - if citing an episode
  • Title of Blu-ray Disc
  • Country of Origin
  • Studio - include only the first listed studio if multiple studios are listed

Some information can be difficult to find. Additional resources such as the Internet Movie Database (IMDB) and Wikipedia can help you identify necessary citation information.

Format

Single Episode

Writer, F. M. (Writer), & Director, F. M. (Director). (Year). Title of episode [Television series episode]. In F. M. Producer (Producer), Title of series [Blu-ray disc]. Country of Origin: Studio.

Entire Series

Producer, F. M. (Producer), & Creator, F. M. (Creator). (Year-Year). Title of series [Television series, Blu-ray disc]. Country of Origin: Studio. 

Entire Blu-ray Disc

Producer, F. M. (Producer), & Director, F. M. (Director). (Year). Title of blu-ray disc [Blu-ray disc]. Country of Origin: Studio Name.

Book (Complete)
 
Examples

Entire Print Book with Author(s)

Reynolds, N. E. (2017). Writer, sailor, soldier, spy: Ernest Hemingway’s secret adventures, 1935-1961. New York, NY: William Morrow.

Roach, M. (2013). Gulp: Adventures on the alimentary canal. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.

Thistlethwaite, A. B., & Wooldredge, J. D. (2014). Forty studies that changed criminal justice: Explorations into the history of criminal justice research. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Wade, L. (2017). American hookup: The new culture of sex on campus. New York, NY: Norton.

Entire Edited Print Book

Armano, E., Bove, A., & Murgia, A. (Eds.). (2017). Mapping precariousness, labour insecurity and uncertain livelihoods: Subjectivities and resistance. Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge.

Çemen, Î., & Yilmaz, Y. (Eds.). (2017). Active global seismology: Neotectonics and earthquake potential of the eastern Mediterranean region. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.

Hoye, R., & Parent, M. M. (Eds.). (2017). The Sage handbook of sport management. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Kaiser, P., & Known, M. (Eds.). (2012). Ends of the earth: Land art to 1974. New York, NY: The Museum of Contemporary Art.

Subsequent Edition of a Book

Change, C. C., & Keisler, H. J. (2012). Model theory (Dover ed.). Mineola, NY: Dover.

Dawkins, R. (2016). The extended selfish gene (40th anniversary ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: University Press.

Stubbendieck, J., Hatch, S. L., & Bryan, N. M. (2011). North American wildland plants: A field guide (2nd ed.). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

Wysong, E., Perrucci, R., & Wright, D. (2014). The new class society: Goodbye American dream? (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

eBook with DOI (learn more about DOIs)

Favretto, I., & Itcaina, X. (Eds.). (2017). Protest, popular culture and tradition in modern and contemporary Western Europe. London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/978-1-137-50737-2

Hartel, R., & Hartel, A. (2008). Food bites: The science of the foods we eat. New York, NY: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-75845-9

Jimenez, L. (2008). Se habla dinero?: The everyday guide to financial success. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. doi: 10.1002/9781119197942

eBook from a Database (no DOI available)

Bergin, T. (2013). Regulating alcohol around the world: Policy cocktails. Farnham, United Kingdom: Ashgate. Retrieved from EBSCOhost eBook Collection database.

Dickens, C. (1871). A child’s dream of a star. Boston, MA: Fields, Osgood. Retrieved from Google Books database.

Pearson, R. D., & Davies, M. M. (2014). Star Trek and American television. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Retrieved from ProQuest Ebook Central database.

eBook with URL (no DOI available, not retrieved from a database)

Gerson, P. L. (Ed.). (1986). Abbot Suger and Saint-Denis: A symposium. Retrieved from http://www.metmuseum.org/ art/metpublications/abbot_suger_and_saint_denis

Gray, H. (1918). Anatomy of the human body (29th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.bartleby.com/107/

Parker, L. (2010). Back(stabbed) in Brooklyn. Retrieved from http://www.feedbooks.com/userbook/14654/back-stabbed-in-brooklyn

How-To

Elements Needed

  • Author(s) or Editor(s)
  • Year of Publication
  • Title of Book (and Subtitle if present)
  • Edition (unless it is a first edition)
  • Place of Publication
  • Publisher
  • DOI, Database Name, or URL (if online book) - (learn more about DOIs)

Format

Print Book

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. City, ST: Publisher.

Edited Book

Editor, F. M. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. City, ST: Publisher.

Subsequent Edition of Book

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book (# ed.). City, ST: Publisher.

eBook with DOI

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. City, ST: Publisher. doi: 10.###AA##/etc.

eBook from Database (no DOI avialable)

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. City, ST: Publisher. Retrieved from Database Name database.

eBook with URL (no DOI available, not retrieved from a database)

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. Retrieved from http://URL

 

Book Chapter
 
Examples

Chapter from Edited Print Book

Dichter, M. E., Cederbaum, J. A., & Teitelman, A. M. (2010). The gendering of violence in intimate relationships: How violence makes sex less safe for girls. In M. Chesney-Lind & N. Jones (Eds.), Fighting for girls: New perspectives on gender and violence (pp. 83-106). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Kingwell, M. (2017). Bored, addicted, or both: How we use social media now. In C. G. Prado (Ed.), Social media and your brain: Web-based communication is changing how we think and express ourselves (pp. 15-35). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.

Miles, K. (2016). Slick: The (mis)fortune of an Oklahoma oil town faithfully presented in parts and with special attention paid to geographic features therein. In T. Brorby & S. B. Trout (Eds.), Fracture: Essays, poems, and stories on fracking in America (pp. 52-62). North Liberty, IA: Ice Cube Press.

Chapter from eBook with DOI - (learn more about DOIs)

Tabansky, L. (2017). Cyber security challenges: The Israeli water sector example. In R. M. Clark & S. Hakim (Eds.), Cyber-physical security (pp. 205-219). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-32824-9_10

Chapter from eBook in a Database (no DOI available)

Please note that no page numbers are included in the second citation. As this book was only published in a digital format, it includes no page numbers. Therefore, it is impossible to include them in the citation.

Guthrie, K. L. (2012). YouTube: Beyond lectures and papers in leadership education. In C. Cheal, J. Coughlin, & S. Moore (Eds.), Transformation in teaching: Social media strategies in higher education (pp. 93-114). Santa Rosa, CA: Informing Science Press. Retrieved from Google Books.

Price, F. P., Johnson, M., & Barnett, M. (2012). Universal design for learning in the science classroom. In D. H. Rose, A. Meyer, & T. E. Hall (Eds.), Universal design for learning in the classroom: Practical applications. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Retrieved from EBSCOhost eBook Collection.

Chapter from eBook with URL (no DOI available, not retrieved from a database)

Please note that no page numbers are included in the this citation. As this book was only published in a digital format, it includes no page numbers. Therefore, it is impossible to include them in the citation.

Shelley, J. (2013). The concept of the aesthetic. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/index.html

How-To

Elements Needed

  • Author(s) 
  • Year of Publication
  • Title of Chapter (and Subtitle if present)
  • Editor(s)
  • Title of Book (and Subtitle if present)
  • Edition (unless it is a first edition)
  • Page Numbers the chapter appears on
  • Place of Publication
  • Publisher
  • DOI, Database Name, or URL (if online book)
    (learn more about DOIs)

Format

Print Book

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of chapter: Subtitle of chapter. In F. M. Editor & F. M. Editor (Eds.), Title of book: Subtitle of book (pp. ##-##). City, ST: Publisher.

eBook with DOI

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of chapter: Subtitle of chapter. In F. M. Editor & F. M. Editor (Eds.), Title of book: Subtitle of book (pp. ##-##). City, ST: Publisher. doi: 10.###AA##/etc.

eBook from Database (no DOI available)

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of chapter: Subtitle of chapter. In F. M. Editor (Ed.), Title of book: Subtitle of book (pp. ##-##). City, ST: Publisher. Retrieved from DATABASE NAME

eBook with URL (no DOI available, not retrieved from a database)

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of chapter: Subtitle of chapter. In F. M. Editor (Ed.), Title of book: Subtitle of book (pp. ##-##). City, ST: Publisher. Retrieved from http://URL

 

CD
 
Examples

Single Track

Adele. (2011). Rumor has it (Track 2). On 21 [CD]. London, United Kingdom: XL Recordings.

Frye, W. (Composer), & Kirkman, A. (Conductor). (2011). Ave regina caelorum a 4 (Track 6). On Music for Henry V & the House of Lancaster [CD, Recorded by the Binchois Consort]. United Kingdom: Hyperion.

Nirvana. (1991). Smells like teen spirit (Track 1). On Nevermind [CD]. Santa Monica, CA: DGC Records.

Perlmutter, D. (2013). What are your risk factors? (Track 2). On Grain brain: The surprising truth about wheat carbs, and sugar - your brain's silent killers [CD, Recorded by P. Ganim]. New York, NY: Little, Brown.

Entire Album or Audio Book

Fleetwood Mac. (1990). Rumors [CD]. New York City, NY: Warner Music.

Hillenbrand, L. (2010). Unbroken: A World War II story of survival, resilience, and redemption [CD, Recorded by E. Herrmann]. New York, NY: Random House Audio.

Purcell, H. (Composer), & Guyver, R. (Conductor). (2002). The University of Northern Colorado School of Music presents the Fairy Queen: A joyful pageant of song and dance [CD, Recorded by UNC Chamber Orchestra and Chorus]. Greeley, CO: University of Northern Colorado.

Rowling, J. K. (1999). Harry Potter and the sorcerer's stone [CD, Recorded by J. Dale]. London, United Kingdom: Listening Library.

How-To
  • Use these instructions and examples if you listened to the audio on CD. If you listened to Streaming Audio, use the specific instructions for that format.

Elements Needed

  • Artist/Group/Composer/Conductor
  • Year of release
  • Title of track (if citing a single track)
  • Track number (if citing a single track)
  • Title of album
  • Recording Person/Group (if different from the artist/group/composer/conductor first listed)
  • Location of studio/publisher
  • Name of studio/publisher

Format

Single CD Track

Artist, F. M. (Year). Title of CD track (Track #). On Title of CD [CD]. City, ST: Name of Studio.

Entire CD

Artist, F. M. (Year). Title of CD [CD]. City, ST: Name of Studio.

Classical Work
 
Examples
Classical Works are only cited in the text.
 

Example 1
Information available:

  • author
  • title of work
  • section title
  • original year of publication

"Truth, modesty, and shame the world forsook: Fraud, avarice, and force, their places took" (Ovid, Metamorphoses, The Iron Age, 8 AD).

Example 2
Information available:

  • author
  • title of work
  • section title
  • original year of publication
  • year of translation

Today humankind is cynical towards the constant reporting of corruption, cruelty, and crime. When 'good' events take place our society reacts with surprise; such a reaction would surely bring about the disdain of Marcus Aurelius who wrote that any man reacting in surprise to the events of the world was "ridiculous" (The Meditations, Book Twelve, 167 ACE/trans. 1862).

Example 3
Information available:

  • author
  • title of work
  • version of the work

Although epilepsy was believed to be a supernatural phenomena, Hippocrates attributed epileptic seizures to a problem of circulation and the brain (On the Sacred Disease, Francis Adams Version).

Example 4
Information available:

  • author
  • title of the work
  • section number
  • original year of publication
  • year of version consulted

Galen believed that physical phenomena should not be treated as divine, but rather as a natural event having a discoverable cause (On the Natural Faculties 13, 250 CE/1916).

How-To

What Qualifies as a Classical Work According to APA

  • early Greek and Roman works by authors such as Julius Caesar, Ovid, Aristotle, Plato, Plutarch, Sophocles, Hippocrates, Virgil, and the like
  • because these works are so well known, only a text citation is needed in APA Style, with no corresponding reference citation
  • most likely, when you read one of these authors, you will be doing so from a contemporary book. In such an instance, cite the book as you would any other Book (Complete) or Book (Chapter).

When citing classical works, provide the reader with only a text citation. No reference citation is provided. Provide as specific as possible information for where to find the information being cited. Include the year of the translation or version that is being consulted.

Elements Needed

  • Author
  • Location of the information - book, chapter, verse, line, etc.
  • Original year of publication (if known)
  • Publication year of the translation or version being consulted (only include this information in the first text citation; in following text citations do not include the version information unless citing a different version)

Format of Text Citation

Varies depending on information available. See examples.

 

Conference Proceeding
 
Examples

Conference Proceeding in Print

Attaway, J. S., & Singley, R. B. (2015). When the going gets tough, the tough go shopping: A fresh look at consumer shopping motivations. Proceedings of the 1995 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp. 89-94). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

Picard, B., Meunier, B., Barboiron, C., Dunoyer, N., Guillemin, N., & Micol, D. (2012). From protein markers to phenotyping tools for evaluation of beef tenderness. Farm Animal Proteomics: Proceedings of the 3rd Managing Committee Meeting and 2nd Meeting of Working Group 1, 2, & 3 of COST Action FA 1002 (pp. 165-168). Wageningen, Netherlands: Academic Publishers.

eConference Proceeding with DOI (learn more about DOIs)

Hu, C., Walker, M. A., Neff, M., & Fox Tree, J. E. (2015). Storytelling agents with personality and adaptivity. Intelligent Virtual Agents: 15th International Conference Proceedings (pp. 181-193). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-21996-7_19

Skowron, L., Gasior, M., & Sak-Skowron, M. (2014). The impact of the different payment options on the medical services clients' satisfaction building process. Proceedings of the International Conference on Quantitative Sciences and Its Applications (pp. 918-925). doi: 10.1063/1.4903692

eConference Proceeding from a Database (no DOI available)

Archiopoli, A., Wilcox, B., Avila, M., Hell, C., Hill, R., Muhammad, M., & Oetzel, J.  (2012). Analysis of medication adherence and efficacy. Conference Proceedings of the International Communication Association 2012 Annual Meeting (pp. 1-26). Retrieved from Communication & Mass Media Complete database.

Erickson, S. E. (2012). Love bites: Sex, love, violence and the new romantic vampires. Conference Proceedings of the International Communication Association 2012 Annual Meeting (pp. 1-36). Retrieved from Communication & Mass Media Complete database.

eConference Proceeding with URL (no DOI available, not retrieved through a database)

Langeveld, P. (2015). Responding to institutional abuse through restorative engagement. Conference Proceeding of the 15th International Symposium of the World Society of Victimology (pp. 1-12). Retrieved from https://www.defenceabusetaskforce.gov.au/ newsroom/Documents/ConferencePaperByTheActing ExecutiveDirectorWorldSocietyOf VictimologySymposium6July2015.pdf

Zion, L. (2012). "Best practices" in the journalism ethics frame: A comparative study. Conference Proceeding of the 2012 International Symposium on Online Journalism (pp. 1-49). Retrieved from https://online.journalism.utexas.edu/2012/papers/Zion.pdf

How-To

Conference proceedings are often published in a book format and the citation for a specific presentation/paper will look much like that of a book chapter. Sometimes proceedings will be published in a journal issue; if this is the case, look to examples of journal article citations for guidance

Elements Needed

  • Author(s)
  • Year of Publication
  • Title of Presentation (and Subtitle if present)
  • Proceedings of + Title of Conference OR Title of Proceedings (if different than that of the conference)
  • Page Numbers
  • Place of Publication (if published in a book format)
  • Publisher (if published in a book format)
  • DOI, Databased,  or URL (if electronic version)

Format

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of presentation: Subtitle of presentation. Proceedings of Title of Conference, (pp. ##-##). City, ST: Publisher.

 

Dictionary Entry
 
Examples

Dictionary Entry in Print

Lewandowski, E. J. (2011). Pomme de pin. In Complete costume dictionary (p. 235). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.

Stahl, D., & Kerchelich, K. (2001). WODECO. In Abbreviations dictionary (10th ed., p. 1082). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Dictionary Entry from a Library Database

Borden, T. G. (2003). Americorps. In S. I. Kutler (Ed.), Dictionary of American history (3rd ed., Vol. 1, p. 173). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved from Gale Virtual Reference Library database.

Moonshine. (2013). In Oxford English dictionary. Oxford, United Kingdom: University Press. Retrieved from Oxford English Dictionary database. 

Dictionary Entry on Open Web with Individual Author(s)

Caroline [User name]. (2014). Mascary. In Urban dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=mascary

Rader, W. (2014). l33t. In The online slang dictionary: American, English, and urban slang. Retrieved from http://onlineslangdictionary.com/meaning-definition-of/l33t

Dictionary Entry on Open Web with No Author

Rapacious. (2014). In Merriam-Webster online. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rapacious

VPHNOE: Virtual physiological human network of excellence. (2014). In AcronymFinder. Retrieved from http://www.acronymfinder.com/Virtual-Physiological-Human-Network-of-Excellence-(VPHNOE).html

Dictionary Entry on Open Web with Group Author

Merriam-Webster. (2014). Zenker's degeneration. In Medlineplus medical dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/zenker's+degeneration

WebFinance. (2014). Keynesian economics. In Businessdictionary. Retrieved from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Keynesian-economics.html

How-To

Author - the author is the person(s) or organization taking credit for the information. If you are not sure who is taking responsibility for the information, look for an About Us link or who copyrighted the material.

Individual Author(s) Examples

  • Eric John Lewandowski
  • Diana Stahl and Karla Kerchelich

Individual Author Using Online Username Examples

  • RetiredLaborNurse
  • Barefoot Beach Blonde
  • Caroline

Group Author Examples

  • Merriam Webster (Company)
  • WebFinance (Company)

Entry with No Author

  • If a dictionary term does not have a listed author, use the dictionary term as the first element of the citation, followed by the date, title of the dictionary, and other citation information.

Elements Needed

  • Author(s)
  • Date of Publication - include year, month and year (depending on what information is available)
  • Dictionary Term
  • Title of Dictionary (and Subtitle if present)
  • Edition Number (if applicable)
  • Volume Number (if applicable)
  • Page Numbers
  • Place of Publication
  • Publisher
  • Database Name or URL (if online dictionary entry)

Format

Author, F. M. (Year, Month Day). Dictionary term. Title of dictionary (p. #). Retrieved from http://URL

Dictionary term. (Year). Title of dictionary (# ed., p. #). City, ST: Publisher Name.

Dissertation
 
Examples

Dissertation in Print

Burton, K. L. (2013). Nurse addiction – an unexpected journey: A phenomenological study of nurses in recovery (Doctoral dissertation). University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado.

Gatto, R. (2012). Letters, lectures, memos, and minutes: An archival study of George Pierce Baker’s role in the history of theater and performance studies (Doctoral dissertation). Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania.

Leary, D. L. (1934). Analysis of programs of study of 250 Catholic secondary schools (Doctoral dissertation). Colorado State Teachers College, Greeley, Colorado.

eDissertation from Library Database

Flannigan, P. D. (1998). A comparison of attitudes and practices of teaching faculty regarding student academic dishonesty at a two-year and four-year institution (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. (9902416)

Fonkych, K. (2006). Accelerating adoption of clinical IT among the healthcare providers in the United States: Strategies and policies (Doctoral dissertation). Available from Nursing & Allied Health Database. (3256640)

eDissertation from Institutional Repository

Alamer, H. A. (2017). The influence of participation in socially engaging or complex physical activities on executive function among older adults (Doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado). Retrieved from http://digscholarship.unco.edu/

Thoene, W. S. (2012). The impact of social networking sites on college students’ consumption patterns (Doctoral dissertation, Marshall University). Retrieved from http://mds.marshall.edu/

eDissertation from Open Web

Clavio, G. (2008). Uses and gratifications of internet collegiate sport message board users (Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University). Retrieved from http://sportspolitik.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/2008-GC-Dissertation-PDF.pdf

Messina, K. A. (2012). Working with the juvenile male sex offender: A substantive grounded theory of emergent identification with “goodness” through the practice of yoga (Doctoral dissertation, Saybrook University). Retrieved from http://www.sacramentotherapyservices.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/PDF-Dissertation.pdf

eDissertation from University Outside the U.S.

Alencar, R. D. A. (2007). Pesquisa-ação sobre sexualidade e vulnerabildade às IST/aids com alunos de graduação em enfermagem (Doctoral dissertation, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil). Retrieved from http://www.teses.usp.br/

Poppe, J. (2015). “Ice wüste Zeit” – Ich-Konstructionen in der Lyrik der duetschsprachiger Schriststeller innen Israels Jenny Aloni und Netti Boleslav (Doctoral Dissertation, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany). Retrieved from https://ediss.uni-goettingen.de/

How-To

Elements Needed for All Dissertations

  • Author
  • Year
  • Title (and Subtitle if present)

+ for Print Dissertations

  • University Name
  • Location (City & State) of University

+ for eDissertations from Library Database

  • Database Name
  • Dissertation Number

+ for eDissertations from Institutional Repository

  • University Name
  • URL of Main Page of the Repository

+ for eDissertations from Open Web

  • University Name
  • URL to Dissertation

+ for eDissertations from Outside the U.S.

  • University Name
  • Location (City & Country) of University
  • URL to Dissertation

Format

Print Dissertation

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation: Subtitle of dissertation if present (Doctoral dissertation). University Name, Location of University.

eDissertation from Library Database

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation: Subtitle of dissertation if present (Doctoral dissertation). Available from Database Name database. (Dissertation number)

eDissertation from Institutional Repository

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation: Subtitle of dissertation if present (Doctoral dissertation, Name of University). Retrieved from http://URLofRepository

eDissertation Open Web

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation: Subtitle of dissertation if present (Doctoral dissertation, Name of University). Retrieved from http://URLtoDissertation

eDissertation from a University Outside the U.S.

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation: Subtitle of dissertation if present (Doctoral dissertation, Location of University). Retrieved from http://URLtoDissertation

Dissertation from University of Northern Colorado

DVD
 
Examples

Single Episode or Titled Portion of DVD

Cogman, B. (Writer), & Kirk, B. (Director). (2011). Cripples, bastards, and broken things [Television series episode]. In F. Doelger & M. Huffman (Producers), Game of thrones [DVD]. United States: HBO Home Entertainment.

Sheridan, C. (Writer), & Kim, M. (Director). (2016). American gigg-olo [Television series episode]. In K. Fertman & S. Smith (Producers), Family guy [DVD]. United States: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.

Entire Series

Gamble, K., Kazdin, C., Johnson, M., Zitter, F. S. (Producers), Colbert, S., Karlin, B., & Stewart, J. (Creators). (2005-2014). The Colbert report [DVD]. United States: Busboy Productions.

McCormick, B., Hamm, J., Shattuck, D. L., Smuts, T., Abrahams, J., London, T., Lechner, J. (Producers) … Weiner, M. (Creator). (2007-2015). Mad men [DVD]. United States: Lionsgate Television.

Entire DVD

Canning, I., Sherman, E., Unwin, G. (Producers), & Hooper, T. (Director). (2011). The king's speech [DVD]. United States: Anchor Bay Entertainment.

Epstein, A., Slotnick, A., Netto, P., Lake, R. (Producers), & Epstein, A. (Director). (2008). The business of being born [DVD]. United States: New Line Home Entertainment.

Goodman, A. A. (Lecturer), Reay, A. (Producer), & Dunton, T. (Director). (2004). Understanding the human body: An introduction to anatomy and physiology [DVD]. United States: The Teaching Company.

Simon, T., Teale, S., & Nevins, S. (Producers). (2009). Death on a factory farm: Animal rights on trial [DVD]. United States: HBO Documentary Films.

How-To

Elements Needed

  • Writer(s) – if citing an episode
  • Producer(s) – use only the producers labeled as producer; do not include executive, co-, line, or associate producers.
  • Director(s)
  • Year of release
  • Name of Episode – if citing an episode
  • Title of DVD
  • Country of origin
  • Studio - include only the first listed studio, if multiple studios are listed

Some information can be difficult to find. Additional resources such as the Internet Movie Database (IMDB) and Wikipedia can help you identify additional information.

Format

Single Episode

Writer, F. M. (Writer), & Director, F. M. (Director). (Year). Title of episode [Television series episode]. In F. M. Producer (Producer), Title of series [DVD]. Country of Origin: Studio.

Entire Series

Producer, F. M. (Producer), & Creator, F. M. (Creator). (Year-Year). Title of series [DVD]. Country of Origin: Studio.

Entire DVD

Producer, F. M. (Producer), & Director, F. M. (Director). (Year). Title of DVD [DVD]. Country of Origin: Studio Name.

Email
 
Examples
Example 1

Text citation: (J. E. Shmerling, personal communication, June 6, 2014)

As the Chief Executive Officer of Children's Hospital Colorado, James E. Shmerling, stated, "I met the hospital administrator and he explained that his position combined business, law, and working with medical personnel; thus I realized it is important to work as a medical professional as well as be educated in business and law before starting a position like this (personal communication, June 6, 2014).

Example 2

Text citation: (B. Shaw, personal communication, April 20, 2013)

The alley-oop pass is an offensive move wherein a player throws the basketball near the basket and another player jumps and catches the ball to score two points in a slam dunk (B. Shaw, personal communication, April 20, 2013).

Example 3

Text citation: (M. M. Perusek, personal communication, July 2, 2014)

The most current archeological dig in Wyoming's Natural Trap Cave is uncovering remains of animals that still have collagen present; these are generally extinct animals, so the presence of collagen allows for the possibility of DNA discovery for further research (J. R. Alidade, personal communication, May 15, 2012).

How-To

The term email, as used here, refers to an email that is not published. For emails that are published, cite the email as the source it was published in (book, magazine article, newspaper article, blog post, et cetera).

Emails are only cited in the text as personal communications.

The Publication Manual considers emails to be personal communications; personal communications are information sources that are not recoverable by the greater population (readers). For instance, although you still have access to an email you sent or someone sent to you, your readers do not have access to that email. When referring to personal communications in your writing, insert only a text citation. Do not build a reference citation for a personal communication. 

Elements Needed

  • Name of person interviewed
  • Date of interview - month, day and year

Text Citation Format:

(F. M. Surname, personal communication, Month Day, Year)

Encyclopedia Entry
 
Examples

1. Encyclopedia Entry in Print

1.1 with Individual Author

Nakamori, Y. (2006). Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography. In L. Warren (Ed.), Encyclopedia of twentieth-century photography (Vol. 3, pp. 1544-1546). New York, NY: Routledge.

Opperman, J. J., Galloway, G. E., & Duvail, S. (2013). The multiple benefits of river-floodplain connectivity for people and biodiversity. In S. A Levin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of biodiversity (2nd ed., Vol. 7, pp. 114-160). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Academic Press.

1.2 with No Author

Genre magazines. (1996). In J. S. Baughman (Ed.), American decades: 1920-1929 (Vol. 3, pp. 301-302). New York, NY: Gale Research.

Village People. (2006). In J. C. Super & T. Irons-Georges (Eds.), The seventies in America (Vol. 3, pp. 949-950). Pasadena, CA: Salem Press.

2. Encyclopedia Entry from Library Database

2.1 with Individual Author

Rasmussen, C. E. (2010). Same-sex marriage. In R. Chapman (Ed.), Culture wars: An encyclopedia of issues, viewpoints, and voices. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. Retrieved from Credo Reference database.

Schnakenberg, R. E. (2002). Run-DMC. In S. Pendergast & T. Pendergast (Eds.), Bowling, beatniks, and bell-bottoms: Pop culture of 20th-century America (Vol. 5, pp. 1151-1152). Detroit, MI: UXL. Retrieved from Gale Virtual Reference Library database.

2.2 with No Author

Cult of the saints. (2005). In A. Vauchez (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Cambridge, United Kingdom: James Clarke. Retrieved from Oxford Reference database.

Schwarzkopf. (2013). In Encyclopedia of global brands (2nd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 937-940). Detroit, MI: St. James Press. Retrieved from Gale Virtual Reference Library database.

3. Encyclopedia Entry from Open Web

3.1 with Individual Author

Himma, K. E. (n.d.). Anselm: Ontological argument for God's existence. In J. Fieser & B. Dowden (Eds.), Internet encylopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://www.iep.utm.edu/ont-arg/

Ierodiakonou, K., & Byden, B. (2014). Byzantine philosophy. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Spring 2014 ed.). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/byzantine-philosophy/

3.2 with Group Author

Central Intelligence Agency. (2014, June 23). Argentina: People and society. In The world factbook. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine. (2014, August 15). Paraquat poisoning. In Medlineplus medical encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001085.htm

3.3 with No Author

Great Depression. (2014). In Encyclopaedia britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/ EBchecked/topic/243118/Great-Depression

Fat Albert biography: Animated character. (n.d.). In Who2biographies. Retrieved from http://www.who2.com/bio/fat-albert

How-To

Author

The author is the person or organization taking credit for the information. If you are not sure who is taking responsibility for the information, look for an About Us link or who copyrighted the material.

Indivdiual Author(s) Examples

  • Eric John Lewandowski
  • Diana Stahl and Karla Kerchelich

Individual Author Using Online Username Examples

  • RetiredLaborNurse
  • Barefoot Beach Blonde
  • Caroline
  • sciencereader

Group Author Examples

  • American Nursing Association
  • Improve Everywhere Productions
  • Internal Revenue Service

Elements Needed

  • Author(s)
  • Year of Publication (if open web encyclopedia, give year, month, day)
  • Title of Entry
  • Title of Encyclopedia (and Subtitle if present)
  • Edition Number (if other than 1st)
  • Volume Number (if encyclopedia is a multi-volume set)
  • Page Numbers
  • Place of Publication
  • Publisher
  • DOI, Database Name, or URL of the encyclopedia entry

Format

Individual Author, from Library Database

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of entry: Subtitle of entry. In F. M. Editor & F. M. Editor (Eds.), Title of encyclopedia (# ed., Vol. #, pp. #-#). City, ST: Publisher Name. Retrieved from Name of Database database.

Group Author, in Print

Group Author Name. (Year). Title of entry: Subtitle if any. In F. M. Editor (Ed.), Title of encyclopedia (# ed., Vol. #, p. #). City, ST: Publisher Name.

No Author, from Open Web

Title of entry. (Year, Month Day). In F. M. Editor (Ed.), Title of encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://URL

Film
 
Film • Video • Motion Picture
DVD • VHS • Blu-ray Disc
Streaming Video
The terms film, video, motion picture, DVD, Blu-ray Disc, and VHS are all somewhat interchangeable. When citing a moving picture in APA format, what you need to pay attention to is how you viewed it (the format). In APA Style you will use motion picture, streaming video, VHS, DVD, and Blu-ray as specific formats.
 
How Did You Watch It?

Motion Picture

  • you watched the movie at the movie theater (or in Lindou Auditorium for the International Film Series or at Greeley City's Neighborhood Nights Movies in the Park)
  • you watched the movie on programmed television

Streaming Video

(either professionally produced or user upload to the internet); you watched the movie via

  • YouTube
  • Netflix
  • Vimeo
  • Amazon Instant Video
  • Filmakers Library Online
  • or any other online video source

DVD - you watched the movie on DVD

Blu-ray Disc - you watched the movie on Blu-ray disc

VHS - you watched the movie from the VHS tape, because you are really old school

Interview
 
Examples
Unpublished interviews are only cited in text as personal communications.
 
These are interviews conducted by you - the researcher.
 
Example 1

Text citation: (D. Dunn, personal communication, December 14, 2013)

In an interview of University of Northern Colorado Athletic Director Darren Dunn, the newly appointed Dunn stated that he had both professional and personal reasons for applying for the position at Greeley (personal communication, December 14, 2013).

Example 2

Text citation: (N. T. James, personal communication, April 7, 2017)

One nurse described her rotation in the Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences unit at Children's Hospital Colorado as "emotionally difficult, but also inspiring" (N. T. James, personal communication, August 15, 2017).

Example 3

Text citation: (M. M. Perusek, personal communication, July 2, 2017)

United Way of Greeley advocates for neighbors taking care of neighbors, and the University of Northern Colorado is an important member of the neighborhood (M. M. Perusek, personal communication, July 2, 2017).

 
How-To

The term interview, as used here, refers to an interview that is not published. For interviews that are published, cite the interview as the source it was published in (book, magazine article, streaming audio, newspaper article, blog post, et cetera).

The Publication Manual considers unpublished interviews to be personal communications; personal communications are information sources that are not recoverable by the greater population (readers). For instance, although you still have access to an email you sent or someone sent to you, your readers do not have access to that email. When referring to personal communications in your writing, insert only a text citation.

Elements Needed

  • Name of person interviewed
  • Date of interview - month, day and year

Text Citation Format

(F. M. Surname, personal communication, Month Day, Year)

Journal Article
 
Examples

eJournal Article – with DOI expressed as a link (learn more about DOIs)

Felgendreher, S., & Lofgren, A. (2018). Higher education for sustainability: Can education affect moral perceptions? Environmental Education Research, 24(4), 479-491. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2017.1307945

Phadermrod, B., Crowder, R. M., & Wills, G. B. (2019). Importance-performance analysis based SWOT analysis. International Journal of Information Management, 44, 194-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.03.009

eJournal Article – with DOI expressed as a non-link (learn more about DOIs)

de Boer, M. N., Jones, D., & Jones, H. (2017). Ocean wanderers: Extralimital encounters with bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) in temperate European shallow waters. Aquatic Mammals, 43(3), 279-288. doi:10.1578/AM.43.3.2017.279

Carpentier, F. R. D., Northup, C. T., & Parrott, M. S. (2014). Revisiting media priming effects of sexual depictions: Replication, extension, and consideration of sexual depiction strength. Media Psychology, 17(1), 34-54. doi:10.1080/15213269.2013.870045

eJournal Article – no DOI available

When no DOI is available, but the article is retrieved electronically, give the URL of the journal’s homepage. Do not give the exact URL to the article. Google the name of the journal with quotations around the title to find the journal home page. 

Dybvik, A. C. (2004). Autism and the inclusion mandate: What happens when children with severe disabilities like autism are taught in regular classrooms? Daniel knows. Education Next, 4(1), 42-49. Retrieved from http://educationnext.org/

Moore, K. (2013). Sport history, public history, and popular culture: A growing engagement. Journal of Sport History, 40(1), 39-55. Retrieved from http://www.journalofsporthistory.org/

Journal Article – Print with DOI (learn more about DOIs)

Lee, S. (2010). Marketing through sport: A case of religious organization. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 7(1), 87-96. doi:10.1007/s12208-009-0043-8

Tyler, T. R. (2002). Is the internet changing social life? It seems the more things changes, the more they stay the same. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 195-205. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00256

Journal Article – Print with No DOI

Page, M. E., & Spicer J. (1981). Aids and services for disabled people - getting the message across. Applied Ergonomics, 12(4), 223-230.

Wadee, A. A., Kuschke, R. H., Kometz, S., & Berk, M. (2001). Personality factors, stress and immunity. Stress & Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 17(1), 25-40.  

How-To

Elements Needed

  • Author(s)
  • Year of Publication
  • Title of Article (and Subtitle if present)
  • Title of Journal
  • Volume Number
  • Issue Number
  • Page Numbers
  • DOI or URL (if electronic version of an article)

Format

  • When citing an electronic journal article, a DOI is preferable to a URL. (learn more about DOIs)
  • If no DOI exists and you retrieve an electronic version of the article, include the URL of the for the home page of the journal.
  • If citing a print journal article, and there is a DOI on the first page of the article, include the DOI in the citation.
  • After a DOI or URL in a citation, there is no ending punctuation.

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, Vol(Issue), pp-pp. doi: 10.##aa##

Lecture Notes
 
Lecture Notes Provided by Professor and Posted Online

PowerPoint Slides

Hanks, J. (2016, Fall). Chapter 1: Speech language impairments in children with ASD [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from University of Norther Colorado Canvas website: http://www.unco.edu/canvas/

Lecture Notes Prepared by Professor

Einhellig, K. S. (2014, Spring). Management of anxiety disorders [Lecture notes]. Retrieved from University of Northern Colorado Canvas website: http://www.unco.edu/canvas/

Lecture Notes Taken by Student
 
Student lecture notes are only cited in the text as personal communications.

 

Lecture notes taken by students constitute a source of non-recoverable data. Thus, treat lecture notes taken by students as personal communications. This means that there is no reference citation, just a text citation. 

Elements Needed

  • professor's name
  • title of class
  • date of lecture

Example 1

Text Citation: D. P. Gray (Sport Promotion and Marketing lecture, April 22, 2014)

As D. P. Gray (Sport Promotion and Marketing lecture, April 22, 2014) recognized, any monetized area of sport - sponsorship, endorsements, network deals, naming rights, etc. - depends on the reputation of the brand.

Example 2

(J. M. Erskine, Advanced Nutrition lecture, March 3, 2014)

Example: The purpose of medical nutrition therapy is to reduce the risk of chronic disease in individuals with a history of chronic disease (J. M. Erskine, Advanced Nutrition lecture, March 3, 2014).
Magazine Article
 
Examples

Magazine Article in Print

Glazek, C. (2014, August). 249: Michael Sam and the draw that changed American sports forever. Out, 22(11), 62-70.

Long look: Kenko Tokina's first stabilized lens. (2014, August). Popular Photography, 78(8), 16.

Vore, B. (2014, August). Mortal Kombat X: Let the blood flow. GameInformer, 24(8), 58-59.

eMagazine Article from Library Database

Google the title of the magazine and give the URL for the magazine homepage, not the URL for the database (2nd and 3rd examples). If the magazine does not have an internet homepage (such as a historical magazine) give the name of the library database you found it in (1st example).

Getzinger, D. (1997, March). Dad's face was a newspaper. Children's Digest, 47(2), 15-18. Retrieved from ProQuest Research Library database.

Teitel, E. (2014, June 16). Get them when they're young. Maclean's, 127(23), 29. Retrieved from http://www.macleans.ca/

Where the deals are: Your guide to the end-of-summer sales season. (2014, September). Consumer Reports, 79(9), 29-31. Retrieved from http://www.consumerreports.org/

eMagazine Article from Open Web

Fontevecchia, A. (2014, July 31). Argentina in default: Everyone lost, from Christina Kirchner and Paul Singer's Elliott to Judge Griesa. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/

On Kawara passed at the age of 81. (2014, July 11). Flash Art. Retrieved from http://www.flashart.com/

Shakespeare, N. (2014, July 24). Gabriel Garcia Marquez's secret muse finally reveals herself. Newsweek. Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/

How-To

Article with no Author

If a magazine article does not have a listed author, use the article title as the first element of the citation, followed by the date, title of the magazine, and other citation information. Alphabetize the citation in the reference list by the first significant word in the title. For the text citation of an article with no author use the first few words of the title in the citation in place of the author ("Officers to Release," 1929, p. 6).

Date of Publication

Give the date of publication given on the cover of the magazine. This may include year, month, and day; just year and month; or year and season.

Page Numbers

If a magazine article is on nonsequential pages, separate the page numbers with a comma: pp. 5-7, 20.

Elements Needed

  • Author(s) 
  • Date of Publication
  • Title of Article (and Subtitle if present)
  • Title of Magazine 
  • Volume Number
  • Issue Number
  • Page Numbers 
  • URL of Magazine Homepage or Database Name (if retrieved online)

Format

Author, F. M. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Magazine, Vol(Iss), #-#. Retrieved from http://URL

Motion Picture
 
Examples

Abraham, J., Autry, J., (Producers), Sundberg, A., & Stern, R. (Producers & Directors). (2016). Marathon: The Patriot’s Day bombing [Motion picture]. United States: HBO Documentary Films.

Bruckheimer, J. (Producer), Ronning, J., & Sandberg, E. (Directors). (2017). Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead men tell no tales [Motion picture]. United States: Walt Disney Pictures.

Burns, K., Burns, S., & McMahon (Producers & Directors). (2016). Jackie Robinson [Motion picture]. United States: Florentine Films.

Cramer, D. S. (Producer), & Kleiser, R. (Director). (1976). Dawn: Portrait of a teenage runaway [Motion picture]. United States: Douglas S. Cramer Company.

Hitchcock, A. (Producer & Director). (1959). North by northwest [Motion picture].  United States: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Snyder, D., Snyder, Z., Suckle, R. (Producers), & Jenkins, P. (Director). (2017). Wonder woman [Motion picture]. United States: DC Films.

Vargas, K. (Producer), Bourne, T., Robertson, M., & Tarver, B. (Directors). (2017). Trumped: Inside the greatest political upset of all time [Motion picture]. United State: Left/Right Productions.

How-To

Use these instructions and examples if

  • you watched the movie at the movie theater (or in Lindou Auditorium for the International Film Series or at Greeley City's Neighborhood Nights Movies in the Park, et cetera)
  • you watched the movie on programmed television
  • If you watched a DVD, Blu-ray Disc, Streaming Video, or VHS please use the instructions and examples for the specific format.

Elements Needed

  • Producer(s) – use only the producers labeled as producer; do not include executive, co-, line, or associate producers
  • Director(s)
  • Year of release
  • Title of motion picture
  • Country of origin
  • Studio - include only the first listed studio if multiple studios are listed

Some information can be difficult to find. Additional resources such as the Internet Movie Database (IMDB) and Wikipedia can help you identify needed citation information.

Format

Producer, F. M. (Producer), & Director, F. M. (Director). (Year). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of Origin: Studio Name.

Newspaper Article
 
Examples

eNewpaper Article from Library Database

Google the title of the newspaper and give the URL for the newspaper homepage, not the URL for the database (3rd example). If the newspaper does not have an internet homepage (such as a historical newspaper) give the name of the library database it was found in (1st & 2nd examples).

Donham, W. B. (1933, April 9). Business and university: W. B. Donham, Dean of Harvard Graduate School, defines the relationship. The New York Times, p. XX4. Available from ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times database.

Officers to release moonshine seizure. (1929, May 30). The Laredo Times, p. 6. Retrieved from America's Historical Newspaper database.

Skefile, M. (2013, December 20). Freedom a plenty in the Bay. The Herald [South Africa]. Available from http://www.peherald.com/

eNewspaper Article from Open Web

Kershner, I., & Akram, F. (2014, July 31). Netanyahu vows to continue destroying Gaza tunnels. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

McGuirk, R. (2014, January 12). Scott Lewis dead: Hypnotist plunges to death from balcony. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/

Richey, W. (2014, January 13). Abortion rights: Supreme Court leaves rejection of Arizona law in place. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved from http://www.csmonitor.com/

Print Newspaper Article

Gresko, G. (2013, December 9). The top five flicks for your finals week procrastination fix. The Mirror [Greeley, CO], pp. 16, 19.

Pohl, J. (2013, December 10). Pastor connected to Windsor church sentenced to 12 years. The Greeley Tribune, p. A2.

How-To

Publication Location

Generally, APA Style does not use the location of publication in the names of newspapers unless it is part of the title. However, information necessary to locating a particular source may be added in square brackets after the title: The Mirror [Greeley, CO].

Article with no Author

If a newspaper article does not have a listed author, use the article title as the first element of the citation, followed by the date, title of the newspaper, and other citation information. Alphabetize the citation in the reference list by the first significant word in the title. For the text citation of an article with no author use the first few words of the title in the citation in place of the author ("Officers to Release," 1929, p. 6).

Page Numbers

If a newspaper article on nonsequential pages, separate the page numbers with a comma: pp. A1-A2, A10.

Elements Needed

  • Author(s)
  • Date of Publication - include year, month and day
  • Title of Article (and Subtitle if present)
  • Title of Newspaper
  • Page Numbers
  • URL or Database Name (if online newspaper article)

Format

Author, F. M. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Newspaper, pp. #-#. Retrieved from http://URL

Title of article. (Year, Month Day). Title of Newspaper, pp. #-#, #. Available from Database Name database.

Personal Communications
 
Examples

Types of Personal Communications

  • Private letters
  • Memos
  • Emails
  • Personal interviews
  • Telephone conversations
  • Student lecture notes
  • Personal conference notes

If possible, give context within your writing to the source you are citing; compare Example 1 (context given) with Example 2 (no context).

Example 1 – Letter

Text Citation (R. J. Rymill, personal communication, January 12, 1936)

In a letter from State Senator Robert J. Rymill to his brother W. L. Rymill, the senator stated, “Serving on city and county school boards is the most successful avenue to changing education” (personal communication, January 12, 1936).

Example 2 - Memo

Text Citation: (C. Okafor, personal communication, July 7, 2017)

Chief Operating Officer Cecelia Okafor advised the Board of Trustees the necessity of managing human capital costs and cross-training efforts (personal communication, July 7, 2017).

Example 3 – Personal conversation

Text Citation: (C. Myers, personal communication, June 10, 2017)

One presenter, at a recent copyright conference, stated, “My best advice regarding the amount used is to consider the amount needed to serve the purpose in relation to the work being used” (C. Myers, personal communication, June 10, 2017).

How-To

Personal communications are only cited with a text citation.

Personal communications are unpublished information sources that are not recoverable by the greater population (readers). For published communications, use the corresponding published format for citation examples (i.e., for letters published in a book, cite a book; personal communications may be published in journal articles, book chapters, blogs, websites, et cetera).

For instance, although you still have access to an email you sent or someone sent to you, your readers do not have access to that email. When referring to personal communications in your writing, insert only a text citation.

Elements Needed

  • Name of person the information came from
  • Date of personal communication - month, day and year
  • If possible, give context within your writing to the source you are citing; compare Example 1 (context given) with Example 2 (no context).

Text Citation Format

(F. M. Surname, personal communication, Month Day, Year)

Podcast
 
Examples

Podcasts Episode

Avirgan, J., & Druke, G. (Producers). The beginning of the Trump presidency. On FiveThirtyEight [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from https://fivethirtyeight.com/

Faris, A. (2016, April 4). Chris Evans and Jenny Slate! Part one (Episode 17). On Anna Faris is unqualified: Not-so-great relationship advice from completely unqualified Hollywood types [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.unqualified.com/

Robinson, P., & Williams, J., Mande, J., Ekperigan, N., & Heller, E. (2016, November 8). A funny thing happened on the way to the U2 concert (Episode 21). On 2 Dope Queens [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.wnyc.org/shows/dopequeens

Podcast Series

Altharas, J. V. (2010-2014). End the sexual dark ages [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.sexualdarkage.com/

Ecton, E., Danforth, M., Chillag, I., & Wolchover, E. (Producers). (1998-2017). Wait...wait...don't tell me [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/programs/wait-wait-don't-tell-me/

Sale, A. (2014-2017). Death, sex & money [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.wnyc.org/shows/deathsexmoney

How-To

Elements Needed

  • Podcaster(s)/Producer(s)
  • Date of upload (Month, Day, Year) or Years of Podcast
  • Title of podcast episode (if citing single episode)
  • Episode number (if available and if citing single episode)
  • Title of podcast
  • URL

Format

Episode

Producer, F. M. (Year, Month Day). Title of podcast episode (Episode #). On Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://URL

Series

Producer, F. M. (Year-Year). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://URL

Religious Text
 
Examples
Ancient religious texts are only cited in the text.
 
  • Below are examples of text citations for the Talmud, Bible, Qur'an, and Confucian Analects.

Example 1

Living within one's means and not being wasteful is traceable to the Qur'an (Surat Al-'A`rāf 7:31 Sahih International Version).

Example 2

In the final book of the New Testament, John met with a vision of Christ in resurrection (Bible Rev. 1:12-18 New American Standard Version).

Example 3

Jewish law states that females have the right to refuse a marriage proposal (Talmud Seder Mo'ed 24f Yevomos 107a-122b Soncino Babylonian Version).

Example 4

"Those who give, whether in prosperity or in adversity, who restrain anger, and pardon all people, God loves those who do right" (Qur'an al-Imran 3:134 Bilal Muhammad 2013 Version).

Example 5

The Christian and Jewish creation myth is covered in the first book of the Bible, and the creation of mankind comes to be on the sixth day of the universe's existence (Gen. 1:26-27 English Revised Version).

Example 6

"How are the mighty fallen, and the weapons of war perished" (Bible 2 Sam. 1:27 King James Version).

Example 7

According to the Qur'an, the Muslim belief provides for a god that is everywhere, always (al-Baqarah 2:115 Sabbir Ahmed Version).

Example 8

"To put the people to death without having instructed them - this is called cruelty. To require from them, suddenly, the full tale of work, without having given them warning - this is called oppression" (Confucian Analects 20 James Legge 1893 Version).

How-To

New & Recent Religious Texts

For citing texts of new or recent religious movements, provide both text and reference citations as for normal citations of books, pamphlets, websites, et cetera. New and recent religions refer to religions founded in the last few hundred years such as Sikhism, Mormonism, and Baha'i.

Commentary of Religious Texts
When citing commentary of a religious work (such as notes of explanation in a study Bible) instead of the original religious work, cite this as a regular Book (Complete) or Book (Chapters).

Citing Classic Religious Texts

When citing classic religious texts, provide the reader with only a text citation. Do not give a reference citation. Provide as specific as possible information for where to find the information being cited. For the Bible this means providing the book name, chapter number, and verse number(s) as well as the version of the Bible being referenced.

Elements Needed

  • Title of religious text (do NOT italicize)
  • Location of the information - book, chapter, verse, line, et cetera.
  • Version of the religious text (only include this information in the first text citation; in following text citations do not include the version information unless citing a different version)

Format of Text Citation

(Title of religious text Book title chapter:verse number(s) Name of the Version)

Secondary Sources
 
Examples
Refer to the original source within the context of the point you are making.
Secondary Source (the source you are using)
Original Source (the source you are unable to access)
 

Example 1

Text Citation

As LeStunff, Fallin, and Bougneres proved, only a very small percentage of obesity is caused by single-gene defects (as cited in Ebbeling, Pawlak, & Ludwig, 2002).

Reference Citation

Ebbeling, C. B., Pawlak, D. B., & Ludwig, D. S. (2002). Childhood obesity: Public-health crisis, common sense cure. The Lancet, 360(9331), 473-482. Retrieved from http://www.thelancet.com/

Example 2

Text Citation

In the 1960s, the New Zealand government determined Guillaume Apollinaire’s Memoirs of a Young Rakehill was too obscene for the populace to read, and had Customs agents seize all shipments of the book; this was yet another book suppressed on sexual grounds, D. B. Sova asserts (as cited in Doyle, 2010).

Reference Citation

Doyle, R. P. (2010). Banned books: Challenging our freedom to read. Chicago, IL: American Library Association.

Example 3

Text Citation

William Shakespeare and John Fletcher’s play, The History of Cardenio, was the story of a character from Don Quixote (as cited in Bradford, 1910).

Reference Citation

Bradford, G., Jr. (1910). The history of Cardenio by Mr. Fletcher and Shakespeare. Modern Language Notes, 25(2), 51-56. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/journal/modelangnoted

Example 4

Text Citation

Eduard Pernkopf’s illustration of the knee shows the proximal posterior capsular arm of the semimembranosus (as cited in LaPrade, Morgan, Wentorf, Johansen, & Engebretsen, 2007).

Reference Citation

LaPrade, R. F., Morgan, P. M., Wentorf, F. A., Johansen, S., & Engebretsen, L. (2007). The anatomy of the posterior aspect of the knee: An anatomic study. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 89(4), 758-764. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/jbjsjournal/

Example 5

Text Citation

Jenny Erpenbeck’s lastest fictional work, Gehen, Ging, Gegangen, looks at the European emigration issue through the eyes of an elderly man and compares the experiences of Germany’s older citizens to those of today’s emigrants to Germany (as cited in Russell, 2015).

Reference Citation

Russell, A. (2015, October 7). ‘Go, Went, Gone,’ a tale of refugees in Berlin [Book review]. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/go-went-gone-a-tale-of-refugees-in-berlin-1444232349
How-To

What Is a Secondary Source?

A secondary information source is a source discussing another source of information.

Basic Rule of Secondary Sources

The basic rule of using secondary sources is to not use secondary sources … unless you absolutely cannot access the original resource. Why wouldn’t someone be able to cite the original source?

  • The original source is no longer available; in Example 3, The History of Cardenio is known to have existed, but no copies are known to exist past 1744.
  • The original source is difficult to gain access to; Example 4 discusses Pernkopf’s representation of the knee in Topographische Anatomie des Menschen (Atlas of Topographic and Applied Human Anatomy) which is a highly controversial book as Pernkopf used Nazi concentration camp inmates or condemned political prisoners as subjects for the anatomy illustrations; 62 libraries still have the book, but rarely lend out. Therefore, use of this book may be difficult geographically or cost prohibitive to access.
  • The original source is in a foreign language and the work has not been professionally translated; as I cannot read German, and Jenny Erpenbeck’s book Gehen, Ging, Gegangen is not yet translated into English, I am relying on someone else’s interpretation of the book.

Elements Needed for Text Citation

  • Author(s) and/or Title of Original Work
  • Author(s) of the Work You Consulted
  • Year of Publication of the Work You Consulted

Elements Needed for Reference Citation

  • Varies depending on type of source being cited

Format of Text Citation

Author and/or title of original work mentioned within the context of the point you are making (as cited in Author, Author, & Author, Year).

Format of Reference Citation

Varies depending on type of source being cited.

Streaming Audio
 
Examples

Single Track

  • Music Track, from Library Database - 1st example
  • Music Track - 2nd example
  • Speech Track - 3rd example
  • Audiobook Track - 4th example

Haydn, F. J. (1772). Allegro di molto e scherzando [Recorded by Chiaroscuro Quartet]. On Haydn: String quartets nos. 23, 24 and 27 [Streaming audio]. Retrieved from Naxos Music Library (2017)

Lennon, J. (1971). Imagine [Recorded by Pentatonix]. On PTX Vol. IV – Classics [Streaming audio]. Retrieved from https://www.apple.com/music/

Ruth, B. (1947). Farewell to baseball. On Greatest speeches of the 20th century [Streaming audio]. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/Greatest_Speeches _of_the_20th_Century/

Skloot, R. (2010). The birth of HeLa [Recorded by C. Campbell & B. Turpin]. On The immortal life of Henrietta Lacks [Streaming audio]. Retrieved from http://www.audible.com/

Entire Album, Audiobook, or Collection

  • Comedy Album - 1st example
  • Music Album, from Library Database - 2nd example
  • Audiobook Album - 3rd example
  • Music Album - 4th example
  • Speech - 5th example

Carlin, G. (1999). You are all diseased [Streaming audio]. Retrieved from https://www.pandora.com/

Gardot, M. (2008). Worrisome heart [Streaming audio]. Retrieved from Music Online: Listening database.

Harvey, S. (2011). Act like a lady, think like a man: What men really think about love, relationships, intimacy, and commitment [Recorded by M. Hodge; Streaming audio]. Retrieved from https://www.overdrive.com/

Ravel, M. (1922). Berceuse sur le nom de Gabriel Fauré for violin and piano [Recorded by Z. Francescatti, A. Balsam, R. Casadesus, J. Chantal, & P. Rogé; Streaming audio]. Retrieved from http://classical-music-online.net/

Roosevelt, F. D. (1941). FDR asks Congress to declare war on Japan [Streaming audio]. Retrieved from http://www.history.com/speeches/

How-To

Use these instructions and examples if you listened to music or audio online through

  • commercial vendors such as Apple Music, Amazon Music, Pandora, Audible.com, etc.
  • free music hosting sites such as SoundCloud, Audiomack, Bandcamp, etc.
  • library databases such as Music Online: Listening, Naxos Music Library, etc.

​If you listened to audio or music via CD or Podcast, please use the instructions and examples for the specific format.

Elements Needed

  • Writer(s)
  • Copyright Year
  • Title of Song (if citing a single track)
  • Recording Artist (if different than Writer)
  • Title of Album
  • URL or Database name
  • Date of Recording (if different from Copyright Year)

Format

Single Track

Writer, F. M. (Year). Title of song [Recorded by F. M. Artist]. On Title of album [Streaming audio]. Retrieved from URL/DatabaseName

Entire Album, Audiobook, or Collection

Writer, F. M. (Year). Title of album [Recorded by F. M. Artist; Streaming audio]. Retrieved from URL/DatabaseName

Streaming Video
 
Examples

1. Professionally Produced Streaming Video

1.1 Series Episode

Fresco, V., Graham, C. (Writers), & Parisot, D. (Director). Baka, bile, and baseball bats [Netflix series episode]. In J. Simons (Producer), Santa Clarita diet [Streaming video]. United States: Kapital Enterainment. Retrieved from https://www.netflix.com/

Robinson, K. (Writer & Producer). (2006). Do schools kill creativity? [TEDTalks series episode]. In TEDTalks [Streaming video]. United States: Sapling Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/

1.2 Entire Series

Evry, R., Smith, E., Higgins, J. (Producers), & Spotnitz, F. (Creator). (2015-2017). The man in the high castle [Amazon Prime series, streaming video]. United States: Amazon Studios. Retrieved from https://www.amazon.com/prime

Malden, B., Huff, K., McCarthy, K., Paterson, I., Moore, K. (Producers), & Willimon, B. (Creator). (2013-2017). House of cards [Netflix series, streaming video]. United States: Media Rights Capital. Retrieved from https://www.netflix.com/

1.3 Full Video (not part of a series)

Abrams, J. J., Lin, J., Orci, R., Weber, L. (Producers), & Lin, J. (Director). (2016). Star trek beyond [Streaming video]. United States: Skydance Media. Retrieved from https://www.hulu.com/

Knappenberger, B. (Producer & Director). (2017). Nobody speak: Trials of the free press [Streaming video]. United States: Luminant Media. Retrieved from https://www.netflix.com/

Selznick, D. O. (Producer), & Fleming, V. (Director). (1939). Gone with the wind [Streaming video]. United States: Selznick International Pictures. Retrieved from https://www.amazon.com/prime

2. User Upload Streaming Video

2.1 Series Episode

My Damn Channel [User name]. (2012, October 31). Insane clown party foul [YouTube series episode]. In D. St. Germain (Producer), Kicking Dan out [Streaming video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/

Video Creators [User name]. (2016, April 7). 3 body language tips that help you hold a viewer’s attention [YouTube series episode]. In T. Schmoyer (Producer), How to feel confident on camera [Streaming video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/user/VideoCreatorsTV/

2.2 Entire Series

LaGrandeRide [User name]. (2014-2017). Snow reports [Vimeo series, streaming video]. Retrieved from https://vimeo.com/channels/436100

Screen Junkies [User name]. (2013-2017). Screen junkies show [YouTube series, streaming video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/user/screenjunkies

2.3 Full Video (not part of a series)

Consious Mind [User name]. (2017). 1997: The birth of the camera phone [Streaming video]. Retrieved from https://vimeo.com/221117048

Harris, J. [User name). (2016, November 19). Pattern doodle sketch: How to draw line illusions [Streaming video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAnlGfgv7oc

Mr. NK [User name]. (2017, May 26). How to make a scroll saw at home [Streaming video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BsoiEBkhqPY

3. Library Database Streaming Video

Associated Press (Producer). (2015, February 9). Dog on surfboard becomes internet sensation [Streaming video]. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database.

Fulton, K., & Pepe, L. (Producers & Directors). (2016). The bad kids [Streaming video]. Retrieved from https://unco.ensemblevideo.com/

Goudvis, A., Harvey, S., & Sheehan, B. (Producers). (2006). Think nonfiction! Modeling reading and research [Streaming video]. Retrieved from Education in Video database.

Preston, A. (Producer). (1994). The actor’s technique [Streaming video]. Retrieved from Theatre in Video: Volume 1 database.

How-To

Use these instructions and examples if you a movie or show online through

  • commercial vendors such as Netflix, Amazon Prime, Hulu, YouTube, etc.
  • free video hosting sites such as YouTube, Vimeo, Metacafe, Screencast.com, etc.
  • library databases such as Academic Search Premier, Ensemble, Counseling and Therapy on Video, etc.
  • or any other online video source

​If you watched a DVD, Blu-ray Disc, Motion Picture, or VHS please use the instructions and examples for the specific format.

Before You Start

  • If you are uncertain if the video you watched was professionally produced or user uploaded, look at the information you have for the video and compare the examples below.
  • For professionally-produced videos, the Internet Movie Database (IMDB) and Wikipedia may provide all necessary information for citation.
  • For user-uploaded and library database videos, you can only cite with the information you have; so if a piece of information is missing, simply leave it out.

Elements Needed & Format

1. Professionally Produced Streaming Video

1.1 Series Episode

  • Writer(s)
  • Director(s)
  • Year of Release
  • Title of Episode
  • Producer(s) – use only the producers labeled as producer; do not include executive, co-, line, or associate producers
  • Title of video
  • Country of origin
  • Studio - include only the first listed studio, if multiple studios are listed
  • URL for Provider (e.g., http://www.netflix.com)

Writer, F. M. (Writer), & Director, F. M. (Director). (Year). Title of episode [Television/Provider series episode]. In Producer, F. M. (Producer), Title of series [Streaming video]. Country of Origin: Studio. Retrieved from http://URLforProvider

1.2 Entire Series

  • Producer(s) – use only the producers labeled as producer; do not include executive, co-, line, or associate producers
  • Creator(s)
  • Years of Series
  • Title of Video
  • Country of origin
  • Studio - include only the first listed studio, if multiple studios are listed
  • URL for Provider (e.g., http://www.netflix.com)

Producer, F. M. (Producer), & Director, F. M. (Creator). (Year-Year). Title of series [Streaming video]. Country of Origin: Studio. Retrieved from http://URLforProvider

1.3 Full Video (a full movie or documentary)

  • Producer(s) – use only the producers labeled as producer; do not include executive, co-, line, or associate producers
  • Director(s)
  • Year of Release
  • Title of video
  • Country of origin
  • Studio - include only the first listed studio, if multiple studios are listed
  • URL for Provider (e.g., http://www.netflix.com)

Producer, F. M. (Producer), & Director, F. M. (Director). (Year). Title of video [Streaming video]. Country of Origin: Studio. Retrieved from http://URLforProvider

2. User Upload Streaming Video

2.1 Series Episode

  • User name
  • Year, Month Day of Upload
  • Title of Episode
  • Title of video
  • URL for Channel/Playlist (e.g., https://www.youtube.com/user/VideoCreatorsTV/)

User name [User name]. (Year, Month Day). Title of episode [Provider series episode]. In Title of series [Streaming video]. Retrieved from http://URLforChannel/Playlist

2.2 Entire Series

  • User name
  • Years of series
  • Title of series
  • URL for Channel/Playlist (e.g., https://www.youtube.com/user/VideoCreatorsTV/)

User name [User name]. (Year-Year). Title of series [Streaming video]. Retrieved from http://URLforChannel/Playlist

2.3 Full Video (a stand-alone video not part of a series)

  • User name [User name].
  • Year, Month Day of Upload
  • Title of video
  • URL of Video

User name [User name]. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Streaming video]. Retrieved from http://URLofvideo

3. Library Database Streaming Video

  • Producer(s) – use only the producers labeled as producer; do not include executive, co-, line, or associate producers
  • Director(s)
  • Year of Release
  • Title of Video
  • Name of Database

Producer, F. M. (Producer), & Director, F. M. (Director). (Year). Title of video [Streaming video]. Retrieved from Name of Database database.

Technical or Research Report
 
Examples

Corporate Author, Online Report

International Monetary Fund. (2014). Sweden: Selected issues paper (IMF Country Report No. 14/262). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2014/cr14262.pdf

National Science Board. (2014). Reducing investigators' administrative workload for federally funded research (NSB-14-18). Arlington, VA: Author. Retrieved from http://bi-research.unm.edu/sites/default/files/NSF-Board-Report.pdf

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2014). South Sudan crisis (Situation Report No. 42, as of 26 June 2014). New York, NY: Author. Retrieved from http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/f5583f12-4be4-4e6c-965f-1389424be9ea.pdf

University of Northern Colorado. (2013). 2013 campus security and fire safety report. Greeley, CO: UNC Police Department. Retrieved from http://www.unco.edu/police/uploads/2013%20UNC %20Security%20&%20Fire%20Safety%20Report.pdf

Corporate Author, Print Report

National Forum on Education Statistics, Core Data Task Force. (1997). The core data task force report (NCES 97-947). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Research and Improvement, National Center for Education.

World Conference on Faith and Order, Commission on the Church's Unity in Life and Worship. (1937). A decade of objective progress in church unity, 1927-1936 (Report No. 4). New York, NY: Harper and Brothers.

World Tourism Organization. (2001). Tourism after 11 September 2001: Analysis, remedial actions and prospects (Special Report No. 18). Madrid, Spain: World Tourism Organization, Market Intelligence and Promotion Section.

Personal Author, Online Report

Adams, L., Carroll, D., Curley, G., Dorsey, J., & Harris, J. (2010). Evaluation report: Need continues for a strategic Plan to protect children's health (Report No. 10-P-0095). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Inspector General. Retrieved from http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo13404/20100405-10-P-0095.pdf

Agent, K. R., & Zegeer, C. V. (1976). Effect of pavement texture on traffic noise (Research Report 452). Commonwealth of Kentucky: Departement of Transportation, Bureau of Highways, Division of Research. Retrieved from http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2012/09/1976-Effect-of-Pavement-Texture-on-Traffic-Noise-Report-No.-452.pdf

James, D. J., & Glaze, L. E. (2006). Mental health problems of prison and jail members (NJC 213600). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/mhppji.pdf

Personal Author, Print Report

Bowen, D. Q. (1999). A revised correlation of quaternary deposits in the British Isles (Special Report No. 23). Bath, United Kingdom: Geological Society.

Brown, B. S. (1977).  Responsible community care of former mental hospital patients (DHEW Publication No. ADM 77-428). Rockville, MD: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health.

Anderson, J. D. (1997). Guidelines for indexes and related information devices: A technical report (NISO Technical Report 2). Bethesda, MD: National Information Standards Organization.

How-To
  • Technical and research reports are cited much like books, except for the inclusion of the report number, which may take a variety of forms. See examples below.

Personal Author(s) Examples

  • Eric John Lewandowski
  • Diana Stahl and Karla Kerchelich

Corporate Author Examples

A corporate author is an organization or institution that takes credit/responsibility for information instead of individual people. In many examples of corporate authors, the publisher is the same as the author; when this happens, use the word Author as the publisher.

  • National Board of Science
  • University of Northern Colorado
  • United Nations

Elements Needed

  • Authors or Editors
  • Year of Publication
  • Title (and Subtitle if present)
  • Report Number
  • Place of Publication
  • Publisher
  • URL or DOI (if online report)

Format

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of report: Subtitle of report (report identification information here). City, ST: Publisher. Retrieved from http://URL

Thesis
 
Examples

Theses in Print

Ambrose, C. A. (2016). Bringing harmony to the fiercest game ever played: The motivation of football leaders to reform the game (Master’s thesis). University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado.

Herndon, M. B. (1936). A study of transfer in second grade arithmetic (Master's thesis). Colorado State College of Education, Greeley, Colorado.

eTheses from Library Database

Sanchez, R. L. (2000). Core competencies required for executive college union directors at master’s public comprehensive institutions with enrollments of 8,000 and above (Master’s thesis). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. (9983087)

Schultz, D. M. (2013). Seeking and sharing knowledge using social media in an organization: The impact of social influence, organization structure and social capital (Master’s thesis). Available from ABI/INFORM Global database. (3595723)

eTheses from Institutional Repository

Miller, J. L. (2014). You're a good man, Charlie Brown: An analysis of compassion, friendship, and overcoming obstacles (Master’s thesis, University of Northern Colorado). Retrieved from http://digscholarship.unco.edu/

Ransone, C. A. (1982). Capital punishment: Public opinion and abolition in Great Britain during the twentieth century (Master’s thesis, University of Richmond). Retrieved from http://scholarship.richmond.edu/

eTheses from Open Web

da Costa, L. (2011). Modeling inlet hydraulic performance using the storm water management model (Master’s thesis, Texas Tech University). Retrieved from http://www.rtfmps.com/resumes/MyWebPapers/thesis/ dacosta_thesis/daCosta_Larissa_Thesis.pdf

Demian, C. (2007). Shoreline erosion in deep Creek Lake, Maryland: Patterns, trends and economic implications (Master’s thesis, West Virginia University). Retrieved from http://deepcreekanswers.com/projects/erosion/ Catalin_Demian.pdf

eTheses from a University Outside the U.S.

da Silva, A. F. (2009). A descentralização no processo de implementação do Sistema Único de Assistência Social: Um estudo a partir dos centros de referência da assistência social no município de Bom Jesus do Itabapoana-RJ (Master’s thesis, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Retrieved from http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6409

Ramanand, S. (2012). Carbon sink reforestation projects: A community perspective from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Master’s thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. Retrieved from http://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/9478

How-To

Elements Needed for All Theses

  • Author
  • Year
  • Title (and Subtitle if present)

+ for Print Theses

  • University Name
  • Location (City & State) of University

+ for eTheses from Library Database

  • Database Name
  • Thesis Number

+ for eTheses from Institutional Repository

  • University Name
  • URL of Main Page of the Repository

+ for eTheses from Open Web

  • University Name
  • URL to Thesis

+ for eTheses from Outside the U.S.

  • University Name
  • Location (City & Country) of University
  • URL to Thesis

Format

Print Theses

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of thesis: Subtitle of thesis if present (Master’s thesis). University Name, Location of University.

eTheses from Library Database

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of thesis: Subtitle of thesis if present (Master’s thesis). Available from Database Name database. (Thesis number)

eTheses from Institutional Repository

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of thesis: Subtitle of thesis if present (Master’s thesis, Name of University). Retrieved from http://URLofRepository

eTheses Open Web

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of thesis: Subtitle of thesis if present (Master’s thesis, Name of University). Retrieved from http://URLtoThesis

eTheses from a University Outside the U.S.

Author, F. M. (Year). Title of thesis: Subtitle of thesis if present (Master’s thesis, Name of University, Location of University). Retrieved from http://URLtoThesis

UpToDate
 
Examples

Medical Information

As of the current update of this page, Theodore W. Post is the Editor-in-Chief of UpToDate. As such, his name appears in every citation.

Ma, C. X., & Dickler, M. (2017, June 20). Treatment approach to metastic hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer: Endocrine therapy. In T. W. Post (Ed.), UpToDate. Waltham, MA: WoltersKluwer Health. Available from http://www.uptodate.com

Nucci, M., & Anaissie, E. (2016, January 28). Treatment and prevention of Fusarium infection. In T. W. Post (Ed.), UpToDate. Waltham, MA: WoltersKluwer Health. Available from http://www.uptodate.com

Rosenfield, R. L. (2016, October 15). Diagnostic evaluation of polycystic oveary syndrome in adolescents. In T. W. Post, (Ed.), UpToDate. Waltham, MA: WoltersKluwer Health. Available from http://www.uptodate.com

Pharmaceutical Information

Most pharmaceutical information in UpToDate comes from Lexicomp and will list no individual author. Use Lexicomp as the author of these entries.

Lexicomp. (2017a). Diltiazem: Pediatric drug information. In T. W. Post, (Ed.), UpToDate. Waltham, MA: WoltersKluwer Health. Available from http://www.uptodate.com

Lexicomp. (2017b). Oxycodone: Drug information. In T. W. Post, (Ed.), UpToDate. Waltham, MA: WoltersKluwer Health. Available from http://www.uptodate.com

Lexicomp. (2017c). Saxagliptin: Drug information. In T. W. Post, (Ed.), UpToDate. Waltham, MA: WoltersKluwer Health. Available from http://www.uptodate.com

How-To
UpToDate
 

Cite an UpToDate entry as you would a book chapter, with UpToDate as the book title, and the entry title as the chapter title. Instead of just giving the current copyright year, give the Month, Day, and Year of the last update of the entry so that readers know exactly what version you consulted.

Text Citations

UpToDate articles do not have page numbers. For text citations of UpToDate that would normally require a page number (such as a quotation or citing of a specific fact), use the heading of the section in place of a page number. For example:

(Ma & Dickler, 2017, Selection of Endocrine Therapy)

(Lexicomp, 2017a, Precautions)

VHS
 
Examples

Series Episode

Armus, A., &Foster, N. K. (Writers), & Becker, J. (Director). (1997). For him the bell tolls [Television series episode]. In L. Friedman & E. Gruendemann (Producers), Xena: Warrior princess [VHS]. New Zealand: Renaissance Pictures.

Carter, C. (Writer), & Mandel, R. (Director). (1993). Pilot [Television series episode]. In C. Carter & D. Sackheim (Producers), The X-files [VHS]. United States: 20th Century Fox Television.

Entire Series

Peyton, H., Latt, D. J. (Producers), Frost, M., & Lynch, D. (Creators). (1990-1991). Twin peaks [VHS]. United States: Lynch/Frost Productions.

Walian, W., Rosenthal, L., Madison, J., Markowitz, A., Downer, L., Curley-Kerner, J. (Producers) … Borowitz, S. (Creator). (1990-1996). The fresh prince of Bel-Air [VHS]. United States: NBC Productions.

Full Video (an entire movie or documentary)

Bellows, S. (Producer), & Bagwell, O. (Producer & Director). (1990). Roots of resistance: The story of the underground railroad [VHS]. United States: WGBH Studios.

Goetz, W. (Producer), & Logan, J. (Director). (1957). Sayonara [VHS]. United States: Pennebaker Productions.

Jhalley, S. (Producer & Director). (1995). Material witness: Race, identify and the politics of gangsta rap [VHS]. United States: The Media Education Foundation.

National League for Nursing (Producer). (1990). A conversation with Jean Watson and Janet Quinn [VHS]. United States: Author.

How-To

Elements Needed

  • Writer(s) – if citing an episode
  • Producer(s) – use only the producers labeled as producer; do not include executive, co-, line, or associate producers
  • Director(s)
  • Year of release
  • Name of Episode – if citing an episode
  • Title of DVD
  • Country of origin
  • Studio - include only the first listed studio, if multiple studios are listed

Some information can be difficult to find. Additional resources such as the Internet Movie Database (IMDB) and Wikipedia can help you identify additional information.

Format

Single Episode

Writer, F. M. (Writer), & Director, F. M. (Director). (Year). Title of episode [Television series episode]. In F. M. Producer (Producer), Title of series [VHS]. Country of Origin: Studio.

Entire Series

Producer, F. M. (Producer), & Creator, F. M. (Creator). (Year-Year). Title of series [Television series, VHS]. Country of Origin: Studio.

Full Video (an entire movie or documentary)

Producer, F. M. (Producer), & Director, F. M. (Director). (Year). Title of VHS [VHS]. Country of Origin: Studio Name.

Website
 
Examples

Website with Group Author

Internal Revenue Service. (2017, April 26). The Affordable Care Act: What’s trending [Website]. Retrieved from https://www.irs.gov/affordable-care-act/individuals-and-families/the-affordable-care-act-whats-trending

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2017). Patient and visitor guide [Website]. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/patient-visitor-guide

University Libraries, University of Northern Colorado. (2016, October 20). Events, news, and exhibits [Website]. Retrieved from http://www.unco.edu/library/about_us/events_exhibits.aspx

Website with Individual Author(s)

Maffai, T. (2017, June 16). Meet the superintendent who helped save Washington’s charter schools [Website]. Retrieved from https://brightreads.com/meet-the-superintendent-who-helped-save-washingtons-charter-schools-116cff6b7d1f

Mullis, K. B.  (2009). Altermune [Website]. Retrieved from http://www.karymullis.com/altermune.shtml

Speaking, C. (2017, June 27). What grannies don’t tell [Website]. Retrieved from https://thecoffeelicious.com/what-grannies-dont-tell-8336a44ac33c

How-To

When Websites Are NOT Websites (According to APA)

When citing an electronic version of a newspaper article, magazine article, book (or book chapter), journal article, dissertation, thesisetc., cite it not as a website, but as the specific type of item. For more information, refer to the Publication Manual, pp.211-212, 7.09 Unpublished and Informally Published Works.

Citing Entire Websites

When referring to an entire website in your writing, you do not need to create a reference citation. Simply give the necessary information for someone to find the website – the name of the website and the address (URL).  For example:

Individual Author(s) Examples

  • Eric John Lewandowski
  • Diana Stahl and Karla Kerchelich

Group Author Examples

A group author is an organization or institution that takes credit/responsibility for information instead of individual people. 

  • National Board of Science
  • University of Northern Colorado
  • United Nations

Elements Needed

What to do if the website does is missing elements (PDF).

  • Author(s)
  • Date (this may be a year or year, month, day)
    • Copyright Date - generally found at the bottom of the page; if a date range is given (2007-2017), give only the most current year - 2017
    • Byline Date - sometimes used near the top of the webpage: May 1, 2016
    • Date of Last Update - may be found at the top or bottom of the pag: Updated: 8:43 a.m. MT May 10, 2017.
    • No Date - If the website has no date associated with it, type (n.d.) where the date should be.
  • Title
  • URL

Format

Author, F. M. (Year, Month Day). Title [Website]. Retrieved from http://URL